Table of masses of loads supplied to the remote platform
XIII. Warehousing of materials, structures, products and
equipment
13.1. The surface of the site for storing materials, structures, products and equipment must be planned and compacted. In case of weak soils, the surface of the site can be compacted with crushed stone or laid with road slabs on a sandy base.
Storage of materials is carried out outside the soil collapse prism of unsecured excavations, and their placement within the soil collapse prism of excavations with fastening is allowed subject to a preliminary check of the stability of the fixed slope according to the fastening passport or by calculation taking into account the dynamic load.
Loads (except for ballast unloaded for track work) with a stack height of up to 1.2 m must be located at a distance of at least 2.0 m from the outer edge of the head of the crane track closest to the load, and at a higher height - at least 2.5 m according to the requirements of GOST 12.3.009-76*.
For withdrawal surface waters a slope of 1 - 2° should be made towards the outer contour of the warehouse with the installation of ditches if necessary.
13.2. Slingers must know the storage locations for materials provided for in the PPRk.
Regulatory documentation database: www.complexdoc.ru
13.3. Places for storing materials and structures, as well as places for installing warehouse equipment, are marked on the construction site according to the example in Figure 34.
1 - bricks on pallets; 2 - spacer floor slabs - h up to 2.5 m; 3 -
spanning floor slabs - h up to 2.5 m; 4 - outer spacer plates - h up to 2.5 m; 5 - shear walls - h up to 2.5 m; 6 - crossbars - h up to 2 m; 7 - flights of stairs - h up to 2 m; 8 - wall panels in a pyramid - h up to 2 m; 9 - stained glass windows in the pyramid; 10 - partitions in the pyramid with shelter from precipitation; 11 - columns - h up to 2 m; 12 - platform for edging structures.
Rice. 34. Approximate plan for the placement of goods at an on-site warehouse
Notes
1. Storage is carried out in such a way that the weight of the structures corresponds to the lifting capacity of the crane.
2. Temporary roads are arranged in such a way as to ensure the acceptance of all cargo within the crane's lifting capacity.
3. The R/Q scale (may not be shown in the PPRk) will facilitate the placement of loads within the load characteristics of the crane.
4. At the storage site, signs are installed with the name of the cargo and their quantity in the stacks.
13.4. Materials, structures, products and equipment should be placed in accordance with the requirements of the standards,
Regulatory documentation database: www.complexdoc.ru
interindustry rules on labor protection during loading and unloading operations and placement of goods, SNiP 12-03-2001 or technical specifications manufacturing plants.
13.5. In the absence of standards and technical specifications from manufacturers, the following methods of storing the main types of materials and structures are recommended:
- bricks in bags on pallets - no more than two tiers; in containers - in one tier, without containers - no more than 1.7 m high. Bricks should be stored according to grades, and facing ones - according to colors and shades. In autumn and winter, it is recommended to cover stacks of bricks with sheets of roofing felt or roofing felt;
- wall panels - in pyramids or special cassettes in accordance with the passport for the specified equipment, taking into account the geometric dimensions of the products and their stability during storage;
- partition panels - vertically into special cassettes in accordance with the passport for the cassette. Gypsum concrete panels are allowed to be installed in a pyramid with a deviation from the vertical by an angle of no more than 10°. Gypsum concrete partitions must be protected from precipitation;
- wall blocks - in a stack in two tiers on linings and with gaskets;
- floor slabs - in a stack no more than 2.5 m high on pads and with gaskets, which are placed perpendicular to the voids or the working span;
- crossbars and columns - in a stack up to 2 m high on pads and with gaskets;
- foundation blocks and basement wall blocks - in a stack no more than 2.6 m high on pads and with gaskets;
- shear walls, depending on the type of transportation from the factory - in pyramids or similar to floor slabs;
- round timber - in a stack no more than 1.5 m high with spacers between the rows and installation of stops against rolling out; a stack width less than its height is not allowed;
Regulatory documentation database: www.complexdoc.ru
- lumber - in a stack, the height of which when stacked in rows is no more than half the width of the stack, and when stacked in cages - no more than the width of the stack. In any case, the height of the stack should not exceed 3 m;
- small-grade metal - in a rack no more than 1.5 m high;
- sanitary and ventilation units - in a stack no more than 2.0 m high on pads and with gaskets;
- large and heavy equipment and its parts -
V one tier lined;
- glass in boxes and rolled materials - vertically in one row on linings;
- bitumen - in a special container to prevent its spreading;
- ferrous rolled metals (sheet steel, channels, I-beams, section steel) - in a stack up to 1.5 m high on pads and with gaskets;
- thermal insulation materials - in a stack up to 1.2 m high, stored in a closed, dry room;
- pipes with a diameter of up to 300 mm - in a stack up to 3 m high on pads and with gaskets with end stops;
- pipes with a diameter of more than 300 mm - in a stack up to 3 m high in a saddle without gaskets with end stops.
The bottom row of pipes must be laid on supports, reinforced with inventory metal shoes or end stops securely fastened to the support.
When storing reinforced concrete elements with hinges (slabs, blocks, beams, etc.), the height of the spacers must be at least 20 mm greater than the protruding part of the mounting hinges.
Storage of other materials, structures and products should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of standards and technical specifications for them.
Regulatory documentation database: www.complexdoc.ru
13.6. Between stacks (racks) there must be passages with a width of at least 1 m and passages, the width of which depends on the dimensions of vehicles and cranes serving the warehouse.
13.7. When storing cargo, factory markings must be visible from the aisles.
13.8. It is advisable to place panels of the same brands in the pyramids. The panels must fit tightly to each other over the entire plane. One-sided loading of pyramids is not allowed.
It is necessary to install products in cassettes, pyramids and other equipment of an on-site warehouse in such a way that during storage, both the products themselves and the warehouse equipment cannot lose stability. Products are installed taking into account their geometric dimensions and shapes.
13.9. Between stacks of structures of the same name stacked side by side (floor slabs), or between structures in a stack (beams, columns), there must be a distance of at least 200 mm.
13.10. The height of a stack or a number of stacks on a common laying should not exceed one and a half of its width.
13.11. In stacks, the gaskets are arranged along one vertical line. The location of the gaskets depends on the operating conditions of the product in the structure.
13.12. Each stack must contain structures and products of one-dimensional length.
13.13. When arranging materials and structures, it is necessary to take into account the requirements PPB 01-03.
Storage of materials and structures above underground utilities or in a security zone is permitted only with the written permission of their owner.
13.14. When conditions change or in case of production necessity, the person responsible for the safe performance of work with cranes can make additions and changes to the storage scheme for materials and structures provided for in the PPR, in compliance with the requirements of standards, technical specifications of manufacturers and other regulatory and technical regulations.
All documents presented in the catalog are not their official publication and are intended for informational purposes only. Electronic copies of these documents can be distributed without any restrictions. You can post information from this site on any other site.
public corporation
I APPROVED
General Director, Ph.D.
_____________ S.Yu. Jedlicka
"09" March 2004
ROUTING
FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING
WORKS
AND STORAGE OF CARGO WITH A GANTRY CRANE
KK 20-11.3-9
6 LIST OF REGULATORY AND TECHNICAL LITERATURE
1 SNiP 12-03-2001 “Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements».
2 SNiP 12-04-2002 “Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production."
3 SNiP 23-05-95* "Natural and artificial lighting."
4 GOST 12.0.004-90 “SSBT. Organization of occupational safety training. General provisions."
5 GOST 12.1.004-91* “SSBT. Fire safety. General requirements".
6 GOST 12.1.046-85 “SSBT. Construction. Lighting standards for construction sites."
7 GOST 12.3.002-75 “SSBT. Production processes. General safety requirements."
8 GOST 12.3.009-76* “SSBT. Loading and unloading works. General safety requirements."
9 GOST 12.3.020-80* “SSBT. Processes of cargo movement at enterprises. General safety requirements."
10 GOST R 12.4.026-2001 “SSBT. Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings. Purpose and rules of use. General technical requirements and characteristics. Test methods".
11 GOST 9238-83 “Approach dimensions of buildings and rolling stock of 1520 (1524) mm gauge railways.”
1. Selection of slings for transported loads
The choice of slings begins with determining the mass of the load and the location of its center of gravity. If there are no such markings on the load, then it is necessary to clarify these parameters with the person responsible for the lifting operations. In all cases, you must ensure that the load to be moved can be lifted using the lifting equipment at your disposal. Having determined the mass of the load being lifted and the location of the center of gravity, then the number of strapping points and their location are determined so that the load cannot tip over or turn around on its own. From this calculation, a sling or suitable lifting device is selected. At the same time, the length of the selected multi-leg sling lifting device should be taken into account.
When choosing the length of the sling, you should proceed from the fact that with a short length the angle between the branches of the slings will be more than 90°, and with a long length, the lifting height of the load is lost and the possibility of its torsion arises. The optimal angles between the branches of the slings are in the range of 60 – 90° (Fig. 1).
When choosing slings, you should also determine what elements the flexible part of the sling should consist of (steel rope or chain, or another type of rigid sling, etc.) and which end and gripping elements are more appropriate to use for lifting a specific load.
Fig.1. Scheme of load distribution on the sling branches: I – recommended load gripping zone; II – not recommended cargo pickup zone
2. Choosing a load sling
Having determined the mass of the load being lifted, you then need to choose the right sling, taking into account the load that occurs in each of its branches. The load on each branch varies depending on the number of places where the load is hooked, its size, the angle between the branches of the sling, and the length of its branches. The forces generated in the sling branches when lifting a load can be determined in two ways (Fig. 2).
Fig.2. Sling tension diagram.
3. Methods for calculating forces in sling branches
1. The load per each branch of the sling can be determined using the first method as follows:
S = G g/(k n cosα), (1)
where: S - Tension of the sling branch. H (kgf)
G – Load weight. H (kgf)
g – free fall acceleration (g=9.8 m/s2)
n – Number of branches of the sling.
α – Angle of inclination of the sling branch (in degrees).
2. For ease of calculation, replacing ~1/cosα with the coefficient m, we obtain
S = m G g/(k n), (2)
where: m – Coefficient depending on the angle of inclination of the branch to the vertical;
at α = 0º – m = 1
at α = 30º - m = 1.15
at α = 45º - m = 1.41
at α = 60º - m = 2.0.
Ropes must be checked for strength by calculation: P/S ≥ k,
where: P is the breaking force of the rope as a whole in H(kgf) according to the certificate.
S – maximum tension of the rope branch H(kgf).
k - must correspond to the indications in the table - safety factor:
for chain = 5
for cable cars = 6
for textile = 7.
The values of the quantities used in the calculation formula (2) are given in table. #1:
Table No. 1. Values of quantities used in the calculation formula (2).
4. Examples.
Example No. 1.
When lifting a load weighing 1000 kg, the number of sling branches n = 4 and α = 45° we have
S = 1.42 10 000 9.8/(4 0.75) = 46 390 N,
The lifting force per one branch of the sling is ~50 kN.
Example No. 2.
When calculating the forces in the sling branches, using the second method, we measure the length C of the branches (in our case, 3000 mm) and the height A of the triangle formed by the sling branches (in our case, 2110 mm). We substitute the obtained values into the formula
S = G С g/(А n k).
Load on one branch of the sling S = 10 000 3000 9.8/(2110 4 0.75) = 46 450 N, i.e. also equal to ~50 kN.
The load per one branch of the sling is directly proportional to the angle between the branches of the sling and inversely proportional to the number of branches. Thus, to lift a particular load with an existing sling, it is necessary to check that the load on each branch of the sling does not exceed the permissible limit indicated on the tag, stamp or in the passport. In accordance with the current rules of Rostechnadzor, the load-carrying capacity of slings with several branches is calculated taking into account the angle between the branches of 90°. Therefore, when working with group slings, you only need to ensure that the angle α does not exceed 45°.
If the load is tied with single-leg slings, for example lightweight ones, designed for a vertical position (α = 0°), then it becomes necessary to take into account changes in the angle and, consequently, the load on the sling branches.
The loads acting on one branch of the sling at different angles between the branches are given in table. 2.
Table No. 2. Loads acting on the sling branch, kN.
| Cargo weight, kg | Angle between sling branches | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0° | 0° | 60° | 60° | 90° | 90° | 120° | 120° | |
| 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | |
| 530 | 2,5 | 1,25 | 3 | 1,5 | 3,5 | 1,75 | 5 | 2,5 |
| 630 | 3,15 | 1,57 | 3,78 | 1,89 | 4,45 | 2,22 | 6,3 | 3,15 |
| 800 | 4,2 | 2,1 | 4,5 | 2,25 | 5,75 | 2,88 | 8 | 4 |
| 1000 | 5 | 2,5 | 5,75 | 2,78 | 7,6 | 3,8 | 10 | 5 |
| 1250 | 0,25 | 3,13 | 7,25 | 3,63 | 9 | 4,5 | 12,5 | 6,25 |
| 1600 | 8 | 4 | 9,6 | 4,8 | 11,28 | 5,64 | 16 | 8 |
| 2000 | 10 | 5 | 11,5 | 5,75 | 14,25 | 7,13 | 20 | 10 |
| 2500 | 12,5 | 6,25 | 14,5 | 7,25 | 17,75 | 8,88 | 25,6 | 12,8 |
| 3200 | 16 | 8 | 19,2 | 9,6 | 22,56 | 11,28 | 32 | 16 |
| 4000 | 20 | 10 | 23 | 11,5 | 28,5 | 14,25 | 40 | 20 |
| 5000 | 25 | 12,5 | 28,75 | 14,38 | 35,5 | 17,75 | 50 | 25 |
| 6300 | 31,5 | 15,75 | 37,8 | 18,9 | 44,42 | 22,21 | 63 | 31,5 |
| 8000 | 40 | 20 | 46 | 23 | 56,75 | 28,33 | 80 | 40 |
| 10000 | 50 | 25 | 52,5 | 28,75 | 71 | 35,5 | 100 | 50 |
| 12500 | 62,5 | 31,25 | 72,5 | 36,25 | 90 | 45 | 125 | 62,5 |
| 16000 | 80 | 40 | 96 | 48 | 119,8 | 56,4 | 160 | 80 |
| 20000 | 100 | 50 | 115 | 57,5 | 142,5 | 71,25 | 200 | 100 |
When slinging a load with a group sling, the load on its branches, if there are more than three of them, in most cases is distributed unevenly, so it is necessary to strive to hook the load so that all branches of the sling, after hooking and tensioning, have the same length, symmetry of location and the same tension.
5. Technical examination of cargo handling equipment
The technical condition of lifting devices is checked by inspection and testing. They are subject to inspection (Table 3) before commissioning and periodically during operation.
Table No. 3. Standards and terms for inspection of load-handling equipment.
Load-handling devices do not need to be tested if they are new, tested by the manufacturer and do not have external defects. When inspecting a load-handling device, check its general condition and the degree of wear of clamps, nuts, cotter pins, braids, welded joints, armor, etc. If the load-handling devices are not rejected during an external inspection, then they are tested under load. To do this, the maximum working load is determined from a passport, magazine or calculation. Based on the working load, a test load equal to 1.25 working load is selected.
During the test, the calibrated load is grabbed by the device being tested, lifted by a crane to a height of 200 - 300 mm from the floor level and held in weight for 10 minutes. Many factories have stationary test benches.
If, after testing, no damage, breaks, cracks, or residual deformations are found on the device, then it is considered suitable. Residual deformations are determined by comparing the nominal dimensions of the elements of the load-handling device before testing with the actual dimensions after testing.
If the parts of the device have received residual deformations that are unacceptable according to the standards, then it is allowed to operate only after a thorough inspection and recalculation to a new load capacity, as well as after subsequent testing. A tag is attached to the tested device, indicating the number, load capacity, and test date.
The results of the survey are recorded in the register of load-handling equipment. The journal contains complete information about each device: serial number, purpose, technical specifications, name of the manufacturer, date of manufacture, quality control department’s conclusion on the test results.
At each enterprise, construction site, base where there are load-lifting cranes, a specialist, engineer or mechanical technician is appointed who is responsible for the safe operation of cranes, lifting equipment and their technical examination. In large organizations, a supervisory engineer may be given the rights of an inspector of Rostechnadzor of Russia.
When determining the maximum mass of cargo moved by a passenger-and-freight lift, it is necessary to take into account that there must be a driver-conductor in the cabin, therefore the maximum mass of cargo must be 100 kg less than the lifting capacity of the lift. The form of the table of masses of loads moved using a lift is given in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3Form of a table of masses of loads moved using a lift
For cargo lifts that have a cantilever boom* as part of the lifting mechanism, cargo slinging schemes must be developed with a table of cargo masses and the load-handling devices used.
The boundary of the danger zone for lifts is determined in accordance with Section 3.2 and Figures 3.5 and 3.6.
The signal fence placed along the contour of the dangerous zone of lifts must meet the requirements of GOST 23407-78.
Access roads, cargo storage areas and a canopy (dimensions 1.0 x 1.5 m) for the mechanic (for a cargo lift) must be located outside the danger zone.
The proximity of the lift, its cabin or cargo lift platform to the building or its protruding parts is determined by the operational documentation of the manufacturing plants,
The joint work of a construction hoist with lifting wounds is carried out in accordance with the table of joint safe work, while the mounting console of the hoist must always be below the installation horizon by no less than 0.5 m.
Moving a crane boom with a load on a hook over a lift is only possible when the lift is not working.
During the period of operation of the crane in the area of operation of the lift, the latter must be turned off, and the keys to the power supply cabinet, switch, and doors
bins and the lower railing of the lift must be kept by the lift operator. The operation of the lift stops if the distance from the dangerous zone of the crane to the lift is less than 2 m; the dangerous zone is determined by the height of movement above the exit level from the cabin.
To ensure joint safe operation of cranes and lifts, it is planned to install a single switch for cranes and lifts - in one switch position only the crane works, in another - only the lift, in the third - the line is de-energized and the mechanisms do not work. Installation of the switch in the appropriate position is carried out by the person responsible for the safe operation of cranes.
When a crane and a hoist are working together on the installation level, a light alarm can be installed at the hoist, which turns on when the power supply to the hoist is turned on, and while it is lit, the crane operator should not bring a load to the hoist to the extent of the danger zone provided for in the PPR. As the building is erected, the alarm system is moved from one installation level to another. The light signaling must be clearly visible from the crane cabin.
On the joint operation of a cargo-passenger hoist and a tower crane in accordance with their work schedule, special instructions are given to the driver-conductor and the crane operator and recorded in the logs of these machines.
The basic rules for using the lift must be posted on the platforms from which the cabin is loaded or unloaded.
The rules for using the lift must contain the loading method, the signaling method, the procedure for servicing the doors by workers on duty, the prohibition of people entering the platform of cargo construction lifts, the prohibition of loading the cabin with flammable and explosive goods and toxic liquids in glass containers without special packaging and other instructions for servicing the lifts.