Causes, symptoms and prevention of osteochondrosis. Osteochondrosis - symptoms, causes, types and treatment of osteochondrosis All about osteochondrosis

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In today's article we will look at such a disease of the spine as osteochondrosis, as well as its symptoms, causes, types, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. So...

What is osteochondrosis?

Osteochondrosis– a disease of the spine, a characteristic feature of which is degenerative-dystrophic damage to the intervertebral discs, and then to the vertebral tissues themselves.

The main symptom of osteochondrosis is pain in the neck or back. Other symptoms include muscle atrophy, sensory disturbances, and disturbances in the functioning of internal organs. Depending on the location of the pathological process, they distinguish between cervical, thoracic and lumbar osteochondrosis. If this disease and its treatment are not given the necessary attention, the process of damage to the spine will become irreversible.

In the English-language literature, the term “osteochondrosis” refers to a group of diseases of the musculoskeletal system such as osteochondropathy.

The main factor or reason that leads to the development of osteochondrosis is the uneven distribution of the load on the spine, which occurs when carrying heavy objects in one hand or shoulder (for example, a bag, a backpack), prolonged sitting in an incorrect position, night rest on uneven ground. mattress or pillow. Additional factors may also include a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, injury and flat feet.

All of the above situations lead to frequent pain in the cervical, thoracic or sacral spine over the years.

According to statistics, osteochondrosis occurs in 40 to 90% of the world's population, mainly between the ages of 30-35 years. Under unfavorable conditions, this disease develops in individuals adolescence, which is most often facilitated by wearing a heavy, uncomfortable backpack, especially on one shoulder, uncomfortable shoes and injury.

Osteochondrosis. ICD

ICD-10: M42, M91-M93;
ICD-9: 732.

The development of osteochondrosis occurs in 4 distinct stages (degrees):

Osteochondrosis stage 1. It is characterized by the onset of a pathological process in the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc - its dehydration (dehydration) occurs, and subsequently the height of the disc decreases. At the same time, cracks begin to appear in the fibrous ring. At this stage, the patient usually does not feel any changes. Discomfort may occur when sitting in a sitting position that is unusual for a person, or when actively exercising.

Osteochondrosis stage 2. As the height of the discs decreases, the distance between adjacent vertebrae also decreases, and the spinal muscles and ligaments begin to sag slightly. This process causes hypermobility of two adjacent vertebrae, which can lead to their slipping and/or displacement. Spondylolisthesis is formed. Due to displaced vertebrae, the patient, under a certain load, feels real discomfort and sometimes pain in the area of pathology.

Osteochondrosis stage 3. It is characterized by the formation of prolapses and protrusions of discs, sometimes subluxations and subluxations occur in the intervertebral joints. The patient may feel stiffness in some movements, tingling in the limbs, and sometimes numbness appears. With the 3rd degree of osteochondrosis, there is already pain in the back, neck, and tailbone area, depending on the location of the disease.

Osteochondrosis stage 4. The body is trying to correct excessive mobility of the vertebrae, as well as normalize the functioning of the spine. At the junction of vertebrae with pathology, new bone formations grow on each of them - osteophytes, which, when formed in an unnecessary place, can cause microtrauma to the nerve root, and sometimes to the neighboring vertebra. Fibrous ankylosis may begin in the discs and joints. The vertebral-motor segment becomes overgrown and becomes, as it were, walled up. In this case, the main signs of osteochondrosis are minimized, and sometimes even practically not noticeable.

Symptoms of osteochondrosis

The main symptoms of osteochondrosis are discomfort and pain in the back or neck. The severity of pain and other accompanying signs of this disease depend on the degree (stage) of osteochondrosis.

Of course, due to pathology intervertebral discs, their hernias, growths on the vertebrae (osteophytes), a large number of disorders occur, such as circulatory disorders, pinched nerves, irritation and disturbances in the normal functioning of the spinal cord, swelling and even fibrosis of the structures surrounding the vertebrae. All these disorders can cause an extensive clinical picture of the disease and be expressed by a large number of different symptoms, therefore, without a thorough diagnosis of osteochondrosis, it is very difficult to make a correct diagnosis and prescribe adequate treatment.

However, let's consider the main symptoms of osteochondrosis:

pain in the back, cervical region, lower back, shoulders and even ribs;
discomfort, stiffness of the back during certain movements, lifting something;
numbness of the extremities (arms and/or legs);
feeling of aching in the arms and legs;
muscle spasms;
disturbances in the functioning of the genital organs;
pain in the heart area;
sensory disturbance;
muscle hypotension;
increased fatigue, sometimes even in the eyes.

In addition, depending on the area of the spine affected by osteochondrosis, the following symptoms are distinguished:

Osteochondrosis cervical spine spine. Pain in the arms and shoulders, headache, dizziness, spots or spots before the eyes, and noise in the head predominate. These signs may also indicate the presence of vertebral artery syndrome, which can also cause complications in the functioning of the heart muscle and myocardial vessels if other diseases are present in them.

Osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine. Predominantly in the heart area, breathing discomfort.

Osteochondrosis of the lumbosacral spine. Lower back pain predominates, radiating to the legs or pelvic organs. Sexual dysfunction.

Complications of osteochondrosis

If osteochondrosis is not treated and left to chance, it can lead to the development of the following diseases and pathologies:

intervertebral disc herniation (spinal herniation);
protrusion;
deposition of salts in the intervertebral space;
spinal cord stroke;
weight loss of limbs and their atrophy;
leg paralysis

The causes of osteochondrosis are not fully understood, so let’s consider the most popular of them:

mechanical injury to the back (spine);
physical overstrain of the body, hard work;
nervous exhaustion;
metabolic disorders, poisoning;
frequent stay in places with increased vibration;
hereditary predisposition;
sedentary lifestyle, sedentary work;
poor posture at an early age;
excess weight, ;
wearing uncomfortable shoes (tight, heels);
night rest on an uncomfortable bed - mattress, pillow;
frequent ;
malnutrition;
smoking;
pregnancy.

Classification of osteochondrosis

The classification of osteochondrosis is very diverse, because the disease itself is not fully understood.

Let us highlight the most popular methods of dividing this disease.

Osteochondrosis is distinguished...

By localization:

Cervical region
Thoracic (Th or D)
Lumbar (L)
Sacral region (S)

According to clinical manifestations:

1. Cervical level.

1.1. Reflex syndromes.

cervicalgia;
cervicocranialgia;
cervicobrachialgia with vegetative-vascular, neurodystrophic or muscle-tonal manifestations.

1.2. Radicular syndromes.

Discogenic lesion of the roots of the cervical spine.

1.3. Radicular-vascular syndromes.

2. Thoracic level (Th or D).

2.1. Reflex syndromes.

thoracalgia with vegetative-visceral, neurodystrophic or muscle-tonal manifestations.

2.2. Radicular syndromes.

Discogenic lesion of the thoracic roots.

3. Lumbosacral level (L, S).

3.1. Reflex syndromes.

lumbago (lumbago);
lumbodynia;
lumboischialgia with vegetative-vascular, neurodystrophic or muscle-tonal manifestations.

3.2. Radicular syndromes.

Discogenic damage to the roots of the lumbosacral region.

3.3. Radicular-vascular syndromes - radiculoischemia.

Diagnosis of osteochondrosis

Diagnosis of osteochondrosis includes the following examination methods:

anamnesis;
myelography;
neurological examination.

Additionally, they may assign:

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR);

Treatment of osteochondrosis involves the use of a set of measures that must be performed over a fairly long period of time (from 1-3 months + about 1 year for rehabilitation), to which many patients react very ambiguously. Therefore, it should be noted that, by indirectly following the recommendations of the attending physician, the prognosis for the patient’s recovery is minimal.

Self-medication often becomes an additional problem in the treatment of osteochondrosis. The fact is that, as was already written earlier in the article, with this disease the clinical picture is quite ambiguous and broad. The patient, without diagnosis, begins to select medications for what hurts, and, eliminating the pain, continues to go about his daily life, while the disease continues to progress.

Important! Timely consultation with a doctor, a thorough health diagnosis and strict adherence to all recommendations of the attending physician increase a positive prognosis for recovery!

Treatment of osteochondrosis is carried out by two main methods: conservative and surgical treatment. In addition, there are general recommendations for the treatment of osteochondrosis, such as diet and rehabilitation.

Conservative treatment of osteochondrosis

Conservative treatment of osteochondrosis is aimed at relieving pain, normalizing the functioning of the spine and its components, as well as preventing further degenerative changes in the human “axis”.

Conservative treatment of osteochondrosis includes:

Drug therapy. It is used to relieve pain and inflammation of the tissues that make up the spine, as well as normalize metabolic processes.

To relieve pain and inflammation, various therapeutic blockades are also used. Moreover, they help reduce muscle-tonic syndrome. Among the therapeutic blockades there are: trigger point blockades, as well as intraosseous, facet, paravertebral and epidural blockades.

Physiotherapy. It is used to relieve pain, enhance the effectiveness of drug therapy and during the rehabilitation period. Treatment is carried out using ultrasound, laser, magnetic fields, low frequency currents, etc.

Physical therapy (physical therapy), kinesitherapy. Specially selected, dosed exercises aimed at correcting the muscle corset, strengthening it, correcting posture, normalizing the functioning of muscle tissues and their flexibility, decompressing the nerve roots, and preventing possible complications of the disease. All of the above is achieved by normalizing metabolism and nutrition of intervertebral discs, blood circulation, restoring the distance between discs and vertebrae, and distributing the load on the entire musculoskeletal system.

Massage. Used to improve blood circulation, relieve stiffness and tension in muscle tissue, and improve overall health.

Hydromassage. Helps normalize blood circulation, metabolism, increase the tone of muscle tissue, and normalize the functioning of the nervous system. It involves massaging the body with the help of a targeted stream of water with a certain pressure. True, in recent years hydromassage has prevailed with the help of air bubbles applied to the body in specially equipped baths or pools.

Manual therapy. It is used according to an individually selected program, targeting the musculoskeletal system. Helps improve blood and lymph circulation, metabolism, mobility of the musculoskeletal system, strengthen the immune system and prevent possible complications.

Extension (traction) of the spine. It is used with the help of special equipment to increase the intervertebral space and correct the structure of the spine, which usually leads to minimization or complete removal of pain.

The combined use of the above methods for treating osteochondrosis has a good effect.

Medicines for osteochondrosis

Among the remedies for osteochondrosis are:

Anti-inflammatory drugs:"", "Karipazim", "Pantohematogen", "Reoprin".

Diet for osteochondrosis

For osteochondrosis, you need to eat 6 times a day, in small portions, drinking at least 1.5 liters of water daily.

What can you eat with osteochondrosis: dairy products, lean meats (chicken, beef), jelly, jellied fish, jellied meat, fresh vegetables (tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, carrots, beets, peppers, cabbage, celery, broccoli), fruits, avocados, nuts, sunflower seeds, spinach, mushrooms, cereals.

What needs to be minimized in food for osteochondrosis: grapes, legumes (peas, beans, etc.), flour products, spicy seasonings, sugar, salty food, meat broths and smoked meats.

Spinal pathologies arise due to a number of specific reasons. Basically, this is a sedentary lifestyle and extra pounds, which create additional stress on problem areas of the cervical and lumbar region. Incorrect treatment or ignoring doctor's recommendations can cause an exacerbation, and the form of the disease can become chronic.

Chronic osteochondrosis can also be caused by a genetic predisposition. If among your parents or their close relatives there is a person with diseases of the skeletal system, you have a chance to be at risk of developing pathology.

Causes of acute and chronic forms

The causes of spinal disease are changes in the composition of the bone and cartilage tissues of the intervertebral discs. Such degenerative disorders occur due to the fact that cartilage is not able to receive nutrients on its own, but does so through adjacent tissues. If blood circulation decreases in the area of the cervical and lumbar spine, cartilage tissue completely ceases to receive the necessary microelements, which is the main reason for their destruction. It is no longer possible to stop the chronic stage of the pathology; you can only slow down the process, somewhat reducing its intensity.

A few decades ago, it was believed that chronic manifestations of osteochondrosis of the lumbar and cervical spine could only occur in older people.

Modern medical clinical research suggests the opposite. Symptoms indicating an exacerbation of the pathology - pain and stiffness of movement - are noted by almost every young person.

Against the background of a pronounced clinical picture of degradation and deformation of discs, such signs are diagnosed today in 35% of people aged 35 to 40 years who seek advice from a specialist. The picture is disappointing, since, according to experts, chronic manifestations of degradation of the cervical and lumbar spine appear only 8-12 years after the initial stage of circulatory disorders. In other words, the vertebra begins to collapse after many years, which means that osteochondrosis today is on average 10-15 years younger.

Stages of development of chronic pathology

The chronic form of cervical and lumbar osteochondrosis has several stages of pathogenic changes:

Degradation or damage to the bone and cartilage tissue of the spine and intervertebral discs;
The formation of intervertebral hernias and protusions due to trauma or pathogenic damage to the tissues of the lumbar and cervical region;
Dislocations and mechanical displacement of damaged vertebrae;
Compression of the spinal nerves, exacerbation and accompanying symptoms - pain and limited movement;
Partial, and over time, complete disruption of blood flow;
Acquisition of myofacial and vertebrogenic syndromes.

If treatment is not carried out fully or is completely absent, exacerbation of osteochondrosis of the lumbar and cervical spine can provoke the following unpleasant symptoms:

Numbness of the limbs after sleep;
Pain in the area of the problematic spine;
Dizziness, nausea, decreased hearing and visual acuity with osteochondrosis of the cervical spine;
Partial or complete loss of sensation in the toes and hands.

With myofascial syndrome, the muscles covering the problem area of the spine develop unevenly. As a result of this pathology of the lumbar and shoulder region, scoliosis occurs, accompanied by chronic radiculitis, and in the cervical region, chronic headaches occur.

And if you notice insufficiently symmetrical development of the bone and muscle skeleton in your child, be sure to consult a doctor and start treatment. Childhood scoliosis causes the so-called wedge-shaped pathology, the symptoms of which are severe pain and deformation of the intervertebral spaces. The consequence of the disease is the chronic stage of lumbar spine disease, accompanied by Scheuermann-Mau syndrome. Exacerbation leads to deformation of the intervertebral discs, taking on a wedge shape.

Consequences of the development of chronic stages

Symptoms of chronic disease of the cervical and lumbar spine are very similar to the disease in the early stages. The only difference is that you feel symptoms such as pain and cramps more and more often, and these sensations cause more and more discomfort from time to time.

Treatment is the only way to avoid serious consequences. One of the critical conditions as the disease progresses is paralysis of the limbs. The first symptoms of paraplegia are astringency in the fingers, impaired sensitivity of the skin, and numbness. In this case, treatment with medications will not only not help, but will also significantly aggravate the problem, causing an exacerbation.

Another unpleasant phase in the development of chronic lumbar or cervical osteochondrosis is spinal torsion. This is an abnormal phenomenon in which the vertebrae rotate around the main axis of the spinal column. The main symptoms of the pathology are pinched nerve roots, compression of blood vessels and arteries, swelling and pain in the problem area of the spine. In this case, the muscular system also suffers. When rotating, the ligaments and muscles are stretched, and then cause sharp pain and cramps. Treatment in this case is only the removal of pain symptoms. Everything else is recommended by specialists during a thorough medical examination.

Let us note another form of the chronic stage of diseases of the skeletal system - radiculitis. Familiar to many, this disease is not as innocent as it seems at first glance, and is one of the serious forms of manifestation of chronic stages. Severe pain in the lower back is the first symptom that accompanies an exacerbation of radiculitis. And the treatment for such an ailment is not only a woolen scarf encircling the hips. Advanced stages of radiculitis lead to paralysis of the lower extremities, and therefore self-medication in this case is categorically unacceptable!

It is possible to prevent chronic manifestations of spinal diseases, and, in particular, osteochondrosis. To do this, you must strictly follow all the doctor’s recommendations even with what you think are the most minor ailments, take treatment on time and lead a healthy lifestyle.

Spinal osteochondrosis is a pathological process in the spine characterized by degenerative-destructive disorders of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs.
The danger of the disease is due to the hidden course of the process; upon admission, patients enter the stage of complications, when severe pain begins.

Causes of osteochondrosis

Osteochondrosis of the spine occurs as a result of the influence of predisposing factors on the human body. Triggers for the development of osteochondrosis:

Heredity;
back injuries;
congenital or acquired defects in the structure of the musculoskeletal system (flat feet, changes in posture);
metabolic failures caused by diseases of the internal secretion organs;
Poor nutrition and excess weight; The disease does not differ by gender.
viral and bacterial infections;
lifestyle: lifting and carrying heavy objects, working in a draft, constant vibration exposure, physical inactivity;
constant psycho-emotional overload;
bad habits: smoking, alcohol, opiates.

There is a high risk of back pain in people who prefer to spend time at the computer, people who lack self-confidence (shuffling gait, drooping head and shoulders, constant stress), car drivers, office workers, athletes, people whose professions involve lifting and carrying heavy objects. .

More often, 2-3 unfavorable factors are involved in the development of the pathological process.

Osteochondrosis of the spine: types

Spinal osteochondrosis is divided according to the level of damage; each type has its own distinctive features and treatment features.

Osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine.

The most common back disease is osteochondrosis of the lumbar region, which is associated with a heavy load on this particular region. Prone to complications such as protrusion of intervertebral discs and the occurrence of hernias, both single and multiple. In case of complications, it may be accompanied by dysfunction of the pelvic organs and atrophy of the muscles of the lower extremities.

Osteochondrosis of the cervical spine

Second place in the classification of back diseases. Pathological processes develop as a result of a sedentary lifestyle and increased load on the shoulder girdle. The neck muscles require special training, in the absence of which they simply cannot cope with the load given their poor development.

Osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine

The rarest pathology of the back due to the low mobility of the region and the most developed muscle corset. It is difficult to diagnose due to a long asymptomatic course and mimicry of other diseases (coronary artery disease, intercostal neuralgia, lung diseases).

Common process

The pathology affects several departments at the same time, occurs rarely and against the background of congenital diseases of the musculoskeletal system, and is practically untreatable.

Multilevel osteochondrosis affects the entire spine.

Depending on the part of the back subject to destruction, it manifests itself as symptoms of diseases of different organs. For example, when the lower back is affected, the pelvic organs and legs suffer; when the cervical lesion is present, headaches and weakness of the shoulder girdle occur.

Osteochondrosis of the spine - stages of development

Osteochondrosis of the spine does not appear instantly; it is a progressive disease. If detected early, it is easily treatable.
1. At this stage, the disease does not manifest itself, deformation of the intervertebral disc begins, the process does not extend beyond the spinal column, the only manifestations of the initial stage are the appearance of stiffness in the back, especially with prolonged loads or a forced sitting position. Injuries from falls increase.
2. At the second stage, the destruction of the fibrous ring leads to a decrease in the height of the disc, the vertebrae acquire increased mobility relative to each other, which can lead to displacement. The process is detected radiographically.
3. With further destruction of the fibrous ring, protrusions (protrusions) of the intervertebral discs begin to appear, and the prerequisites for the occurrence of a hernia are formed. This period can still be cured without surgical methods. Against the background of the initial formation of protrusions, the development of pathology does not yet manifest itself.

Symptoms arise when the spinal cord roots are involved in the process, and pain appears. The formation of protrusions and hernias leads to severe deformation of the spinal column.

4. Advanced stage of the disease, accompanied by severe pain, leading to limited mobility. During this period, the quality of life is significantly impaired, work ability tends to zero, treatment is ineffective and is aimed only at reducing pain and restoring motor activity, if possible. Most often, surgery is required.

The development of the process in stages occurs gradually, the first two do not manifest themselves clinically.

Most often, patients seek help from specialists at the stage of severe disorders (stage 3-4).

Osteochondrosis of the spine how it manifests itself

Symptoms of osteochondrosis appear with significant destruction of the intervertebral disc, when the nerve fibers of the spinal cord are involved in the process. The manifestation of the disease depends on the location of the spinal disorder and may vary between patients with a similar degenerative process.

Pain, the most striking syndrome of spinal lesions

The clinical manifestation is caused by damage to the vessels and nerves located at the site of the spinal column disorder.

There are only 4 syndromes (a set of symptoms united by a cause).
1.Static. Caused by the occurrence of a disorder in the structure of the spinal column. In addition to curvatures, the flexibility of the spine is impaired, there is a feeling of stiffness in the back, poor mobility (difficulty straightening, bending, turning).
2.Neurological. Develops when nerves are damaged. The area innervated by the damaged nerve loses sensation, atresia (impaired sensation) or weakening of muscle strength may be present.
The main manifestation of nerve root damage will be pain. At an early stage it is clearly limited and occurs with significant physical activity or hypothermia. With the progress (development) of the pathology, the pain becomes permanent and begins to radiate along the nerve (the pain goes beyond the back).

In rare cases, complete (paralysis) or partial (paresis) disturbance of movement may occur. This condition requires surgery to restore the motor function of the organ.

3. Vascular. The development of vascular syndrome is facilitated by obstruction of blood flow through the vessel cavity due to pinching. There are signs of ischemia (insufficient nutrition of a part of the organ) and hypoxia (signs of lack of oxygen: dizziness, apathy, headaches, decreased performance, insomnia).
4.Trophic. The most severe damage to the spine (usually the lower back) can cause trophic lesions in certain areas (usually on the legs). It occurs with simultaneous damage to blood vessels (reduces tissue nutrition) and nerves (sensitivity disappears and there is a risk of microtrauma to the skin).
Manifestations of damage to the spinal column depending on the location of the deformity.

Symptoms of cervical osteochondrosis

Osteochondrosis of the cervical spine most often manifests itself as severe headache. It occurs during prolonged forced positions, when working in a sitting or standing position, and is difficult to treat. Later, a feeling of weakness or stiffness in the shoulder girdle develops, and only with significant destruction of the cervical spine does pain occur, radiating to the arms, head, and face.

Cervical osteochondrosis is accompanied by pain in the neck, arms, and headaches.
All these symptoms force the patient to examine the head and heart first. Having not found a pathology, many simply put up with the situation, look for stronger pills and continue to simply relieve pain for a long time. And some initially do not go to the hospital for various reasons and only reach the stage of decompensation, when full recovery is no longer possible.
In older people or people who spend little time in the fresh air, cervical osteochondrosis can manifest itself as nausea, dizziness, and in rare cases, loss of consciousness. All these symptoms arise due to circulatory disorders when blood vessels are compressed by altered structures of the spinal column.

If you notice an unreasonable headache or increased fatigue, it is recommended to visit a neurologist and undergo the examination recommended by him. If detected early, destruction can be reversed with complete restoration of impaired functions.

Thoracic osteochondrosis

The most rare phenomenon, manifesting itself with various symptoms of damage to internal organs (angina pectoris, digestive disorders, etc.). The most favorable in terms of timely detection of the disease remains the symptomatology of intercostal neuralgia, in which the patient goes to the address (to a neurologist) and he, after conducting the necessary examination, prescribes effective treatment.

Osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine

Symptoms of lumbar osteochondrosis are manifested by pain or stiffness of movement. Which is not difficult to diagnose.

Severe pain after physical activity;
Pain syndrome along the nerve from the lower back to the toes, pain appears more often on the right side;
In case of severe disorders of the spinal column, dysfunction of the pelvic organs may develop;
Feeling of numbness or impaired movement of the lower limb as a complication of intervertebral hernia.

Regardless of the severity, any back pain or decreased mobility of the spinal joints is recommended to consult a neurologist.

Self-medication for an unknown reason gradually worsens the situation; the therapeutic effect will only be achieved if the remedy is chosen correctly. You can, of course, guess, but only a small percentage of people succeed.

Osteochondrosis of the spine: how is it diagnosed?

is a set of methods for identifying signs of the disease necessary for an accurate diagnosis. This is one of the main aspects of treatment. An error in diagnosis can lead to a sad outcome. A correctly established diagnosis and identified root causes of pathology will make it possible to most efficiently and fully influence the return of the body to a healthy state.
1. Survey. The doctor finds out everything that may be related to the disease.
2. Inspection. Deformation of posture, changes in muscle mass in relation to the healthy side. Flexibility of the back, the ability to perform various movements, whether pain occurs when bending or turning.
3. X-ray is the most informative method in identifying spinal pathology.
4. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can determine the extent of the disease and the involvement of nerve bundles and blood vessels. An auxiliary method for clarifying the diagnosis. May not be assigned.
After identifying the exact location of the destruction of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs, determining the degree of involvement of surrounding tissues and determining common concomitant diseases, the doctor selects a treatment package. In each case individually.

Osteochondrosis of the spine how to treat

Therapy for the destructive-degenerative process of the spine is complex and includes: conservative and surgical techniques.
1. Medications are used during the acute period of the disease. After eliminating the symptoms of the disease, only vitamins and drugs that strengthen and protect cartilage and joint tissue (chondroprotectors) are used.
2. Physical therapy is a method based on the therapeutic effect of movement. In the treatment of diseases of the back and joints, it is the most important technique that allows you to prolong the youth of your back and maintain activity for many years. At the early stage of the disease, for complete healing, only the systematic implementation of a specially selected set of exercises is sufficient.

One of the most highly effective ways to prevent the development of spinal osteochondrosis and reduce the negative impact of an existing pathological process is to actively engage in therapeutic exercises.

3. Massage: Enhances the beneficial effects of exercise therapy when used together, helps reduce pain and strengthen the back. Allows you to relax overstrained muscles and activate relaxed ones. Manual massage is superior to hardware massage and it is enough to take courses for 10 days once a year or six months.
4. Manual therapy. Impact on the muscular and joint system. Complements the massage course.
5. Physiotherapeutic procedures: treatment with water, light, mud, magnet, laser, ultrasound. All these methods help the body recover. Used as prescribed by a doctor.
6.Surgical treatment used for significant disorders of the musculoskeletal system or pelvic organs. It is possible to use minor surgical intervention if conservative therapy is ineffective.

With proper treatment and the patient’s responsible approach to recovery, complete restoration of all functions is possible. But this process is long and requires a lot of time and perseverance.

Prevention of spinal osteochondrosis

A healthy back is the key to a long and happy life, filled with a variety of happy moments.
Prevention of spinal osteochondrosis and other back diseases largely depends on a person’s ability to self-organize and take a responsible attitude towards their own health.

If spinal osteochondrosis occurs, the main treatment will be a correct lifestyle; drug treatment of this disease can only relieve a person of pain and slightly maintain the process at a level.
Complete recovery and good health depend only on the patient himself. Is the patient ready to make certain efforts to achieve a good therapeutic effect for a long time?
The most preferable option is to prevent the occurrence of pathology, to act proactively. Simple rules of healthy life behavior, instilled in a child from childhood and followed throughout life beneficially, will affect the general condition of the body. If you haven’t been accustomed to taking care of your health since childhood, it’s not too late to start.
In the prevention of back disease lies the secret of youth, health, activity and good mood.
Preventive measures for osteochondrosis are divided into:

primary, carried out against the background of general health to prevent the development of a pathological process;
secondary, measures aimed at alleviating the course of an existing disease and preventing the development of relapses;
tertiary, used for advanced pathology, aimed at alleviating symptoms (for example, annual spa treatment for disability to reduce pain and prolong the ability to move independently).

Proper nutrition is one of the most important factors in the prevention of osteochondrosis at any stage of the formation of the pathological process.

Proper nutrition is one of the most important factors in the prevention of osteochondrosis at any stage of the formation of the pathological process.

Preventative measures for osteochondrosis

Preventive measures aimed at maintaining back health vary depending on the presence or absence of the disease and the level of impairment.
1.Primary. Conducted from early childhood. The best option for preventive measures.
Correct posture, avoiding overstrain of certain parts of the back, strengthening the muscle corset and maintaining it at a level throughout life. Correct body biomechanics (movement) when lifting and carrying heavy objects.
clinical examination. A routine examination by a doctor is aimed at timely detection of the slightest deviations and rapid lifestyle adjustments aimed at restoring the damaged organ.
timely and complete treatment of possible injuries to the musculoskeletal system: bruises, sprains, fractures.
2. Secondary. Carried out when a pathological process is identified:

it is required to choose a profession with the absence of harmful factors due to the identified violation,
strengthening the back, changing the position of the body in space when forced to sit for long periods of time, being active during the day,
giving up bad habits,
observation by a neurologist at your place of residence,
timely intake of vitamins,

the use of physiotherapeutic procedures aimed at improving the health of the spine at least once every 3 years.
3. Tertiary prevention is carried out for persons who have received group 3 disability and is aimed at maintaining working capacity and motor activity:
a set of treatment and rehabilitation measures aimed at stopping the progression of the disease;
employment in accordance with the recommendation of the attending physician. Professions with factors such as prolonged sitting, vibration, hypothermia, lifting and carrying heavy objects are excluded. If it is impossible to find a safe job, the working day should be reduced.
By taking the necessary measures, even with a significant development of the destructive process in the spine, the patient can forget about pain, impaired movement and other undesirable symptoms for many years.

General rules for maintaining back health.

1. Diet for osteochondrosis. Therapeutic nutrition provides the body with the substances necessary to restore damaged cartilage tissue. There are no specific prohibitions on any products. You should reduce the consumption of fatty, spicy, salty, smoked foods and increase fruits and vegetables. The main requirement of proper nutrition will be variety and balance of dishes;

The predominance of vegetables and fruits in the diet will have a beneficial effect on your figure, health and mood.

The predominance of vegetables and fruits in the diet will have a beneficial effect on your figure, health and mood.

2. Exercise. Regular performance of individually selected exercises in accordance with the level of damage and stage of the disease helps to alleviate the condition and stop the development of the pathological process. At the onset of the disease, therapeutic exercises can accelerate the restoration of damaged cartilage, which can lead to a complete recovery.
To keep your body in good physical shape, you can choose any type of sport: running, swimming in the pool, cycling, skiing and rollerblading, dancing, yoga, qigong.
When choosing your sport, you should consider the impact of the activity on the body. For example, weightlifting is not permissible for osteochondrosis of the lumbar region.

Swimming pool activities are suitable for everyone, regardless of age and gender. Such prevention will bring a lot of positive emotions and will be a wonderful way to relax.

3. Hypothermia and stressful situations should be avoided.
4. Adequate load on the spine. Sharp turns, bends, lifting and carrying heavy objects should be avoided. If heavy work is required, safety precautions must be followed. Monitor your back condition. If overstrain occurs in a certain muscle group, it is necessary to take measures to relax. The same thing applies to sedentary work. Regardless of the type of activity, you should alternate between rest and work. Throughout the day, regardless of the type of activity, monitor the correct position of the body in space, straight posture, compliance with biomechanics when lifting weights. These simple rules of behavior require attention on the part of a person; self-control is constantly necessary.

Correct body position when lifting weights and everyday work will help prevent the development of the disease.

Correct body position when lifting weights and everyday work will help prevent the development of the disease.

5. If you have spinal disorders, you should wear corsets, especially during heavy physical activity.
6. Refusal of drinking alcohol and smoking.
7. Properly selected sleeping accessories: the pillow should be hard, the mattress should be medium hard, the bed should have a firm base for sleeping.
8. Wearing comfortable shoes. The love of the fair sex for high heels has a detrimental effect on the condition of the spine, especially the lumbar region.
9. Hardening the body.
10. Massage and self-massage.
Following simple rules will help you avoid many diseases, which will significantly improve your quality of life. The basis of a healthy back is movement and proper nutrition. Overload of the spine occurs during a sedentary lifestyle more than during physical work. If it is not possible to get rid of harmful factors that lead to the destruction of the cartilage tissue of the intervertebral discs, the body should be trained to increase resistance to their influence. Once a diagnosis of “osteochondrosis” has been established, you should actively take care of your health, this will avoid unpleasant complications.
In the early stages, complete recovery is possible without taking medications.

This is a chronic disease in which degenerative changes occur in the vertebrae and the intervertebral discs located between them. Depending on the location of the lesion in the spine, they are distinguished: cervical osteochondrosis, thoracic osteochondrosis and lumbar osteochondrosis. To diagnose spinal osteochondrosis, it is necessary to conduct an X-ray, and in case of its complications (for example, a herniated disc), an MRI of the spine. In the treatment of spinal osteochondrosis, along with medicinal methods, reflexology, massage, manual therapy, physiotherapy and physical therapy are widely used.

Etiology and pathogenesis

To one degree or another, spinal osteochondrosis develops in all aged people and is one of the aging processes of the body. Sooner or later, atrophic changes occur in the intervertebral disc, but injuries, diseases and various overloads of the spine contribute to the earlier onset of osteochondrosis. The most common osteochondrosis of the cervical spine and osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine.

About 10 theories of osteochondrosis have been developed: vascular, hormonal, mechanical, hereditary, infectious-allergic and others. But none of them provides a complete explanation of the changes occurring in the spine; rather, they are complementary to each other.

It is believed that the main point in the occurrence of osteochondrosis is the constant overload of the spinal motion segment, consisting of two adjacent vertebrae with an intervertebral disc located between them. Such overload can arise as a result of a motor stereotype - posture, individual manner of sitting and walking. Poor posture, sitting in an incorrect position, and walking with an uneven spinal column cause additional stress on the discs, ligaments and muscles of the spine. The process can be aggravated due to the structural features of the spine and insufficient trophism of its tissues, caused by hereditary factors. Most often, structural defects occur in the cervical spine (Kimerli anomaly, craniovertebral anomalies, Chiari anomaly) and lead to vascular disorders and the early appearance of signs of osteochondrosis of the cervical spine.

The occurrence of osteochondrosis of the lumbar region is often associated with its overload when bending over and lifting heavy objects. A healthy intervertebral disc can withstand significant loads due to the hydrophilicity of the nucleus pulposus located in its center. The core contains a large amount of water, and liquids are known to be poorly compressible. A rupture of a healthy intervertebral disc can occur with a compression force of more than 500 kg, while a disc altered as a result of osteochondrosis ruptures with a compression force of 200 kg. A load of 200 kg is experienced by the lumbar spine of a person weighing 70 kg when he holds a 15 kg load in the position of tilting the body forward by 200. Such high pressure is due to the small size of the nucleus pulposus. When the inclination increases to 700, the load on the intervertebral discs will be 489 kg. Therefore, often the first clinical manifestations of osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine occur during or after lifting heavy objects, doing housework, weeding in the garden, etc.

With osteochondrosis, the nucleus pulposus loses its hydrophilic properties. This occurs due to disturbances in its metabolism or insufficient supply of necessary substances. As a result, the intervertebral disc becomes flat and less elastic, and radial cracks appear in its fibrous ring under load. The distance between adjacent vertebrae decreases and they shift relative to each other, while displacement also occurs in the facet joints connecting the vertebrae.

Destruction of the connective tissue of the fibrous ring of the disc, ligaments and capsules of the facet joints causes a reaction of the immune system and the development of aseptic inflammation with swelling of the facet joints and surrounding tissues. Due to the displacement of the vertebral bodies, the capsules of the facet joints are stretched, and the altered intervertebral disc no longer secures the bodies of neighboring vertebrae so firmly. Instability of the spinal segment is formed. Due to instability, pinching of the spinal nerve root is possible with the development of radicular syndrome. With osteochondrosis of the cervical spine, this often occurs during head turns, with osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine - during bending of the body. It is possible to form a functional block of the spinal motion segment. It is caused by compensatory contraction of the vertebral muscles.

A herniated disc occurs when the disc slips backward, tearing the posterior longitudinal ligament and protruding part of the disc into the spinal canal. If at the same time the nucleus pulposus of the disc is squeezed into the spinal canal, then such a hernia is called ruptured. The severity and duration of pain with such a hernia is much greater than with an unruptured hernia. A disc herniation can cause radicular syndrome or spinal cord compression.

With osteochondrosis, bone tissue grows with the formation of osteophytes - bone outgrowths on the bodies and processes of the vertebrae. Osteophytes can also cause compression of the spinal cord (compressive myelopathy) or cause the development of radicular syndrome.

Symptoms of spinal osteochondrosis

The main symptom of spinal osteochondrosis is pain. The pain can be acute with high intensity; it intensifies with the slightest movement in the affected segment and therefore forces the patient to take a forced position. So, with osteochondrosis of the cervical spine, the patient holds his head in the least painful position and cannot turn it, with osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine, the pain intensifies even with deep breathing, and with osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine, it is difficult for the patient to sit down, stand up and walk. This pain syndrome is characteristic of compression of the spinal nerve root.

In approximately 80% of cases, dull pain of a constant nature and moderate intensity is observed. In such cases, during examination, the doctor must differentiate the manifestations of spinal osteochondrosis from myositis of the back muscles. Dull pain in osteochondrosis is caused by excessive compensatory tension of the muscles holding the affected spinal motion segment, inflammatory changes or significant stretching of the intervertebral disc. In patients with such pain syndrome, there is no forced position, but there is a limitation of movements and physical activity. Patients with osteochondrosis of the cervical spine avoid sharp turns and tilts of the head, with osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine - slowly sit down and stand up, avoid bending the body.

All symptoms of osteochondrosis that appear only in the area of the spinal column belong to vertebral syndrome. All changes localized outside the spine form extravertebral syndrome. This may be pain along the peripheral nerves when their roots are compressed at the exit from the spinal cord. For example, lumbar ischialgia - pain along the sciatic nerve due to osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine. With osteochondrosis of the cervical spine, these are vascular disorders in the vertebrobasilar region of the brain caused by compression of the vertebral artery.

Complications of spinal osteochondrosis

Complications of osteochondrosis are associated with a herniated intervertebral disc. These include compression of the spinal cord (discogenic myelopathy), which is characterized by numbness, weakness of certain muscle groups of the extremities (depending on the level of compression), leading to paresis, muscle atrophy, changes in tendon reflexes, disturbances in urination and defecation. An intervertebral hernia can cause compression of the artery supplying the spinal cord, with the formation of ischemic areas (spinal cord infarction) with the death of nerve cells. This is manifested by the appearance of a neurological deficit (impaired movements, loss of sensitivity, trophic disorders), corresponding to the level and prevalence of ischemia.

Diagnosis of spinal osteochondrosis

Diagnosis of spinal osteochondrosis is carried out by a neurologist or vertebrologist. At the initial stage, X-rays of the spine are taken in 2 projections. If necessary, they can photograph a separate spinal segment and film in additional projections. To diagnose intervertebral hernia, assess the condition of the spinal cord and identify complications of osteochondrosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI of the spine) is used. MRI plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of osteochondrosis and other diseases of the spine: tuberculous spondylitis, osteomyelitis, tumors, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatism, infectious lesions. Sometimes in cases of complicated osteochondrosis of the cervical spine, it is necessary to exclude syringomyelia. In some cases, if MRI is not possible, it is indicated

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used in drug therapy for osteochondrosis: diclofenac, nimesulide, lornoxicam, meloxicam, ketoralac. For intense pain, analgesics are indicated, for example, the centrally acting analgesic flupirtine. To relieve muscle tension, muscle relaxants are used - tolperisone, tizanidine. In some cases, it is advisable to prescribe anticonvulsants - carbamazepine, gabapentin; antidepressants, among which preference is given to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (sertraline, paroxetine).

If radicular syndrome occurs, the patient is indicated for inpatient treatment. Local administration of glucocorticoids, decongestant therapy, and the use of traction are possible. In the treatment of osteochondrosis, physiotherapy, reflexology,

Causes of osteochondrosis

Osteochondrosis of the spine occurs as a result of the influence of predisposing factors on the human body. Triggers for the development of osteochondrosis:

Heredity;
back injuries;
congenital or acquired defects in the structure of the musculoskeletal system (flat feet, changes in posture);
metabolic failures caused by diseases of the internal secretion organs;
Poor nutrition and excess weight; The disease does not differ by gender.
viral and bacterial infections;
lifestyle: lifting and carrying heavy objects, working in a draft, constant vibration exposure, physical inactivity;
constant psycho-emotional overload;
bad habits: smoking, alcohol, opiates.

There is a high risk of back pain in people who prefer to spend time at the computer, people who lack self-confidence (shuffling gait, drooping head and shoulders, constant stress), car drivers, office workers, athletes, people whose professions involve lifting and carrying heavy objects. .

More often, 2-3 unfavorable factors are involved in the development of the pathological process.

Osteochondrosis of the spine: types

Spinal osteochondrosis is divided according to the level of damage; each type has its own distinctive features and treatment features.

Osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine.

Osteochondrosis of the cervical spine

Osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine

Common process

The pathology affects several departments at the same time, occurs rarely and against the background of congenital diseases of the musculoskeletal system, and is practically untreatable.

Multilevel osteochondrosis affects the entire spine.

Osteochondrosis of the spine - stages of development

Symptoms arise when the spinal cord roots are involved in the process, and pain appears. The formation of protrusions and hernias leads to severe deformation of the spinal column.

The development of the process in stages occurs gradually, the first two do not manifest themselves clinically.

Most often, patients seek help from specialists at the stage of severe disorders (stage 3-4).

Osteochondrosis of the spine how it manifests itself

Pain, the most striking syndrome of spinal lesions

The clinical manifestation is caused by damage to the vessels and nerves located at the site of the spinal column disorder.

There are only 4 syndromes (a set of symptoms united by a cause).
1.Static. Caused by the occurrence of a disorder in the structure of the spinal column. In addition to curvatures, the flexibility of the spine is impaired, there is a feeling of stiffness in the back, poor mobility (difficulty straightening, bending, turning).
2.Neurological. Develops when nerves are damaged. The area innervated by the damaged nerve loses sensation, atresia (impaired sensation) or weakening of muscle strength may be present.
The main manifestation of nerve root damage will be pain. At an early stage, it is clearly limited and occurs with significant physical exertion or hypothermia. With the progress (development) of the pathology, the pain becomes permanent and begins to radiate along the nerve (the pain goes beyond the back).

In rare cases, complete (paralysis) or partial (paresis) disturbance of movement may occur. This condition requires surgery to restore the motor function of the organ.

Symptoms of cervical osteochondrosis

If you notice an unreasonable headache or increased fatigue, it is recommended to visit a neurologist and undergo the examination recommended by him. If detected early, destruction can be reversed with complete restoration of impaired functions.

Thoracic osteochondrosis

Osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine

Symptoms of lumbar osteochondrosis are manifested by pain or stiffness of movement. Which is not difficult to diagnose.

Severe pain after physical activity;
Pain syndrome along the nerve from the lower back to the toes, pain appears more often on the right side;
In case of severe disorders of the spinal column, dysfunction of the pelvic organs may develop;
Feeling of numbness or impaired movement of the lower limb as a complication of intervertebral hernia.

Regardless of the severity, any back pain or decreased mobility of the spinal joints is recommended to consult a neurologist.

Osteochondrosis of the spine: how is it diagnosed?

Osteochondrosis of the spine how to treat

With proper treatment and the patient’s responsible approach to recovery, complete restoration of all functions is possible. But this process is long and requires a lot of time and perseverance.

Prevention of spinal osteochondrosis

primary, carried out against the background of general health to prevent the development of a pathological process;
secondary, measures aimed at alleviating the course of an existing disease and preventing the development of relapses;
tertiary, used for advanced pathology, aimed at alleviating symptoms (for example, annual spa treatment for disability to reduce pain and prolong the ability to move independently).

Proper nutrition is one of the most important factors in the prevention of osteochondrosis at any stage of the formation of the pathological process.

Proper nutrition is one of the most important factors in the prevention of osteochondrosis at any stage of the formation of the pathological process.

Preventative measures for osteochondrosis

it is required to choose a profession with the absence of harmful factors due to the identified violation,
strengthening the back, changing the position of the body in space when forced to sit for long periods of time, being active during the day,
giving up bad habits,
observation by a neurologist at your place of residence,
timely intake of vitamins,

General rules for maintaining back health.

The predominance of vegetables and fruits in the diet will have a beneficial effect on your figure, health and mood.

The predominance of vegetables and fruits in the diet will have a beneficial effect on your figure, health and mood.

Swimming pool activities are suitable for everyone, regardless of age and gender. Such prevention will bring a lot of positive emotions and will be a wonderful form of relaxation.

Correct body position when lifting weights and everyday work will help prevent the development of the disease.

Correct body position when lifting weights and everyday work will help prevent the development of the disease.