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1. In 1897, the first general population census was carried out in the Russian Empire. According to the census, the total population of the country was about 126 million people (excluding Finland); In fact, 66 million people lived in Russia, including 6.4 million people in Siberia.
2. There was still a class division of society. In the Code of the Russian Empire, the entire population of Russia was divided into 4 categories: nobility, clergy, urban and rural inhabitants. The highest privileged class remained the nobility, which was divided into personal (this included those who were included in the class for good service) and hereditary. City inhabitants - honorary citizens, merchants, townspeople, artisans. Rural inhabitants - peasants, Cossacks. But at the end of the 19th century, in the process of the development of capitalism and the formation of civil society, the class, i.e., economic, position of a person became increasingly important. Two classes were formed - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, but the landowners and the largest stratum - the peasants - remained and had great land wealth and actual power. The number of people who were engaged in intellectual work and artistic creativity grew - the intelligentsia: engineers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, artists, etc.
3. In 1879, peasants made up 88% of the Russian population. In the village there was mutual responsibility for the payment of taxes and duties; without a passport, peasants could not leave the village. Life in a community under serfdom formed in the peasants such traits as collectivism, a sense of social justice, reverence for elders, naive monarchism, and superstitions.
4. The abolition of serfdom intensified the process of stratification of the peasants. The community helped the poor peasant, supported the middle peasant in lean years, they stuck to the community. But at the same time, new peasants appeared who wanted to farm independently at their own peril and risk. Only 17% of peasants were literate. Progressive thinkers in Russia noted with regret that peasants were very far from becoming politically mature citizens capable of participating in public life.
5. Officially, representatives of the bourgeoisie were listed as nobles, merchants, burghers, and peasants. Banking developed. Bank managers, as well as officials on the boards of banks and joint stock companies, were in fact the bourgeoisie. They played a prominent role in economic life. But the long existence of the serf system and autocracy did not allow the formation of a united, politically active “third estate” in Russia. Many industrialists were philanthropists, supported scientists, artists, actors, and gave money for the creation of art galleries and libraries. For example, Savva Mamontov provided assistance to artists V. A. Serov, K. A. Korovin, and singer F. I. Chaliapin. On his Abramtsevo estate, he created a unique center of Russian artistic life; woodcarving and majolica workshops were opened here.
6. The working class in Russia had several features:
> it was closely connected with the peasantry, formed mainly by people from the villages;
> many plants and factories were located in villages, which left an imprint on the way of life of the workers: in times of need, many of them went to field work;
> was multinational;
> high concentration of the proletariat in large enterprises;
> high degree of exploitation: the working day reached 15 hours;
> the workers' struggle was mainly economic in nature.
7. The Russian Orthodox Church was dominant in Russia (70% of the population is Orthodox). The clergy was divided into black (monks) and white (priests, deacons). There were 4 theological academies and 58 seminaries.
8. The Cossack population was 4 million people, including 400 thousand in military service. At the head of the Cossack troops was an ataman, and at the head of each army was a task ataman with a military headquarters. The Cossacks received land from the government for military service and were also engaged in arable farming, gardening, winemaking, and horse breeding.
9. Thus, in the second half of the 19th century. There is a gradual erasure of class barriers and the formation of communities along economic and class lines. This is the bourgeoisie and the class of wage workers. The process of democratization of the intelligentsia is underway, a diverse intelligentsia is appearing - people from different classes: the clergy, the philistinism, the merchants, the impoverished nobility; the clergy loses its former isolation, and only the Cossacks retain the traditional way of life.
Task No. 1.
Draw lines showing from which classes the classes and social strata of the population were formed at the end of the 19th century.
Note. The question is quite far-fetched, since connecting lines can be drawn between all categories. For example, at the end of the 19th century in the Russian army, 54% of officers came from the nobility, 26% from the burghers and peasants, 14% from the intelligentsia, 3% from the clergy and 3% from merchants. And a similar picture was observed in every social stratum.
Task No. 2.
A. N. Engelhardt. Letters from the village. Letter nine. 1880
“...The American sells the surplus, and we sell the necessary daily bread. The American farmer himself eats excellent wheat bread, fatty ham and lamb, drinks tea, eats sweet apple pie for lunch... Our peasant farmer eats the worst rye bread... slurps empty gray cabbage soup, considers buckwheat porridge with hemp oil a luxury , has no idea about apple pies, and he will even laugh that there are countries where sissy men eat apple pies and feed farm laborers the same. Our peasant farmer does not have enough wheat bread to feed his child; The woman will chew the rye crust that she eats, put it in a rag and suck it...
...We send wheat, good clean rye abroad, to the Germans, who will not eat any rubbish. We burn the best, clean rye for wine, but the worst rye, with fluff, fire, calico and all the waste obtained from cleaning rye for distilleries - this is what the peasant eats. But not only does the man eat the worst bread, he is also malnourished. If there is enough bread in the villages, they eat three times... they lean more on spring grass, potatoes, and add hemp seed to the bread. Of course, the stomach is full, but bad food makes people lose weight, get sick, and the kids grow worse..."
1. What features of peasant life did you learn from the document? 2. Why were Russian peasants forced to sell bread to the detriment of their nutrition?
1. A feature of peasant life was extreme poverty, which arose due to the need to sell grain to the detriment of their own interests. 2. The reason for this was the significantly increased mandatory payments (taxes, redemption, interest) collected from peasants in conditions of land shortage.
Task No. 3.
Fill the table.
|
Functions of the peasant community |
|
|
Household |
Land ownership and redistribution of land, fulfillment of duties, management of communal farming and communal funds |
|
Social |
Mutual assistance, mutual responsibility, preservation of traditions and customs, fight against immoral behavior |
|
Fiscal police |
Collecting taxes, maintaining order, resolving disputes and minor court cases, apprehending fugitives and vagabonds |
Task No. 4.
Fill the table.
Task No. 5.
Fill in the missing names in the text.
From the memoirs of K. S. Stanislavsky.
“I lived at a time when a great revival began in the fields of art, science, and aesthetics. As is known, in Moscow this was greatly facilitated by the then young merchants, who first entered the arena of Russian life and, along with their commercial and industrial affairs, became closely interested in art.
For example, Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov
, creator of the famous gallery, which he donated to the city of Moscow. From morning to night he worked either in an office or in a factory, and in the evenings he studied in his gallery or talked with young artists in whom he sensed talent. After a year or two, their paintings ended up in the gallery, and they themselves became first simply famous, and then famous...
Sergey Ivanovich Shchukin
assembled a gallery of French artists of a new direction, where everyone who wanted to get acquainted with painting was admitted free of charge. His brother, Pyotr Ivanovich Shchukin
, created a large museum of Russian antiquities.
Aleksey Aleksandrovich Bakhrushin
founded at his own expense the only theater museum in Russia, collecting in it what belonged to Russian and partly to Western European theater.
And here’s another excellent figure among the builders of Russian cultural life... I’m talking about the famous philanthropist Savva Ivanovich Mamontov
, who was at the same time a singer, an opera artist, a director, a playwright, and the creator of Russian private opera, and a patron of art... and a builder of many Russian railway lines."
Task No. 6.
Read the document and provide written answers to the questions.
Demands of Morozov workers
"1. ...We, the workers, demand and ask that fines not exceed 5% of the ruble earned and that the worker be warned about his poor work and called in no more than twice during the month.
2. The deduction for absenteeism should not exceed more than one ruble, but so that the owner would also be obliged to pay the worker for absenteeism that occurs through the fault of the owner: such as for simple... breakdown of machines and their conversion to other work, etc. ., etc. ... not less than forty kopecks per day or twenty kopecks per shift.
3. ...So that every worker can receive a full payment without any deduction or delay, upon application by the workers 15 days in advance about their unwillingness to continue working. Also, the owner is obliged to inform the worker 15 days in advance about his pay, and all this would be recorded in the pay notebooks...
4. ...Full satisfaction of the workers for absenteeism from the day of our stop, which occurred through the fault of the owner. At the request of the workers, a day of absenteeism should be counted as no less than 40 kopecks. in a day.
Unhindered issuance of grub until the workers are satisfied in their demands, without any receipt... Also for the future... the payment of wages would not be delayed beyond the 15th or the first Saturday after the 15th.
Free choice of the headman in the artels and so that the headman cannot serve for more than three months... Dismiss from their positions those employees and foremen whom the workers find necessary and indicate with a separate note.”
1. What are the reasons for the workers’ strike at Morozov’s Nikolskaya manufactory? 2. Did workers make political demands? 3. What does the very fact of putting forward a collective demand of workers indicate? 4. How were the demands of Morozov’s workers reflected in Russian factory legislation?
1. The reasons for the strike were the deterioration of the workers’ situation, brutal exploitation by the owners and the arbitrariness of the administration. 2. No political demands were made. 3. On the formation of an organized labor movement. 4. Factory legislation adopted in 1886 determined the procedure for hiring and firing, the relationship between management and workers, systematized fines and the organization of labor in enterprises.
1863-1866
Children of clergy and seminary graduates are allowed to receive secular education
Elimination of class barriers and renewal of the clergy
1867
Elimination of hereditary parishes and the right to receive spiritual education for all Orthodox Christians
1869-1879
Liquidation of small parishes, establishment of salaries and pensions for the clergy
Improving the financial situation and turning the clergy into civil servants
Task No. 8.
Compose the text using the phrases below.
Abolition of serfdom. Liberalization of education. Democratization of the intelligentsia. Preservation of class privileges. Lack of political freedoms. Increased anti-government sentiment.
After abolition of serfdom At the initial stage of reforms, steps were taken to liberalization of education. This contributed to the formation and democratization of the intelligentsia- a new social layer. But, lack of political freedoms And preservation of class privileges hindered the development of society and led to strengthening anti-government sentiments.
Exercise 1. Draw lines showing from which classes the classes and social strata of the population were formed at the end of the 19th century.
Task 2.
A. N. Engelhardt. Letters from the village
Letter nine. 1880
“...The American sells the surplus, and we sell the necessary daily bread. The American farmer himself eats excellent wheat bread, fatty ham and lamb, drinks tea, eats sweet apple pie for lunch... Our peasant farmer eats the worst rye bread... slurps empty gray cabbage soup, considers buckwheat porridge with hemp oil a luxury , has no idea about apple pies, and he will even laugh that there are countries where sissy men eat apple pies and feed farm laborers the same. Our peasant farmer does not have enough wheat bread to feed his child; The woman will chew the rye crust that she eats, put it in a rag and suck it...
...We send wheat, good clean rye abroad, to the Germans, who will not eat any rubbish. We burn the best, clean rye for wine, but the worst rye, with fluff, fire, calico and all the waste obtained from cleaning rye for distilleries - this is what the peasant eats. But not only does the man eat the worst bread, he is also malnourished. If there is enough bread in the villages, they eat three times... they lean more on spring grass, potatoes, and add hemp seed to the bread. Of course, the stomach is full, but bad food makes people lose weight, get sick, and the kids grow worse..."
1. What features of peasant life did you learn from the document?
2. Why were Russian peasants forced to sell bread to the detriment of their nutrition?
1. A feature of peasant life was extreme poverty, which arose due to the need to sell grain to the detriment of their own interests.
2. The reason for this was the significantly increased mandatory payments (taxes, redemption, interest) collected from peasants in conditions of land shortage.
Task 3. Fill the table.
Task 4. Fill the table.
Task 5. Fill in the missing names in the text.
From the memoirs of K. S. Stanislavsky
“I lived at a time when a great revival began in the fields of art, science, and aesthetics. As is known, in Moscow this was greatly facilitated by the then young merchants, who first entered the arena of Russian life and, along with their commercial and industrial affairs, became closely interested in art.
For example, Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov, creator of the famous gallery, which he donated to the city of Moscow. From morning to night he worked either in an office or in a factory, and in the evenings he studied in his gallery or talked with young artists in whom he sensed talent. After a year or two, their paintings ended up in the gallery, and they themselves became first simply famous, and then famous...
Sergey Ivanovich Shchukin assembled a gallery of French artists of a new direction, where everyone who wanted to get acquainted with painting was admitted free of charge. His brother, Pyotr Ivanovich Shchukin, created a large museum of Russian antiquities.
Aleksey Aleksandrovich Bakhrushin founded at his own expense the only theater museum in Russia, collecting in it what belonged to Russian and partly to Western European theater.
And here’s another excellent figure among the builders of Russian cultural life... I’m talking about the famous philanthropist Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, who was at the same time a singer, an opera artist, a director, a playwright, and the creator of Russian private opera, and a patron of art... and a builder of many Russian railway lines."
Task 6. Read the document and provide written answers to the questions.
Demands of Morozov workers
"1. ...We, the workers, demand and ask that fines not exceed 5% of the ruble earned and that the worker be warned about his poor work and called in no more than twice during the month.
2. The deduction for absenteeism should not exceed more than one ruble, but so that the owner would also be obliged to pay the worker for absenteeism that occurs through the fault of the owner: such as for simple... breakdown of machines and their conversion to other work, etc. ., etc. ... not less than forty kopecks per day or twenty kopecks per shift.
3. ...So that every worker can receive a full payment without any deduction or delay, upon application by the workers 15 days in advance about their unwillingness to continue working. Also, the owner is obliged to inform the worker 15 days in advance about his pay, and all this would be recorded in the pay notebooks...
4. ...Full satisfaction of the workers for absenteeism from the day of our stop, which occurred through the fault of the owner. At the request of the workers, a day of absenteeism should be counted as no less than 40 kopecks. in a day.
Unhindered issuance of grub until the workers are satisfied in their demands, without any receipt... Also for the future... the payment of wages would not be delayed beyond the 15th or the first Saturday after the 15th.
Free choice of the headman in the artels and so that the headman cannot serve for more than three months... Dismiss from their positions those employees and foremen whom the workers find necessary and indicate with a separate note.”
1. What are the reasons for the workers’ strike at Morozov’s Nikolskaya manufactory?
2. Did workers make political demands?
3. What does the very fact of putting forward a collective demand of workers indicate?
4. How were the demands of Morozov’s workers reflected in Russian factory legislation?
1. The reasons for the strike were the deterioration of the workers’ situation, brutal exploitation by the owners and the arbitrariness of the administration.
2. No political demands were made.
3. On the formation of an organized labor movement.
4. Factory legislation adopted in 1886 determined the procedure for hiring and firing, the relationship between management and workers, systematized fines and the organization of labor in enterprises.
Task 7. Fill the table.
Changes in the position of the Orthodox clergy
Task 8. Compose the text using the phrases below.
Abolition of serfdom. Liberalization of education. Democratization of the intelligentsia. Preservation of class privileges. Lack of political freedoms. Increased anti-government sentiment.
After the abolition of serfdom, at the initial stage of reforms, steps were taken to liberalize education. This contributed to the formation and democratization of the intelligentsia - a new social layer. But the lack of political freedoms and the preservation of class privileges hampered the development of society and led to increased anti-government sentiment.