The concept includes the method of its formation, the duration of this system, rights, as well as the ways in which the elements of government interact with each other and the people. It also determines the strength of public influence on the formation of government composition.
Initially, this concept can be understood in a narrow and broad sense: in the first case, it means the organization of only the upper layers of government, and in the second, the interaction of all elements of the state.
Criteria for form of government
Before proceeding with the description, it is important to highlight the criteria by which they are determined. So, the main forms of government are represented by two types: They are radically different from each other:
1. The manner in which power is transferred. It can be given by inheritance or by population choice.
2. Responsibility: in a republic, the president bears high responsibility to society, and the head of state with a monarchy is practically irresponsible to it.
3. The range of powers between government bodies: republican power is more limited in its actions.
Now let's take a closer look at each of them.
Forms of government of the state: monarchy
This is a form of government when the state is headed by one person - the monarch. This person receives power by inheritance, and is not responsible to the society of the state he controls, and legally it is impossible to deprive him of power.
Let's look at several types of monarchy:
1. Absolute. It is represented by the unlimited power of the head: he is the highest authority, and absolute power is in his hands. In the modern world with such rule there are Oman and Saudi Arabia.
2. Limited. In this case, the state is ruled not by one person, but also by government bodies that are not subordinate to the monarch. Power between them is dispersed, and its powers are limited by traditions or constitution. Depending on this, this type of government is divided into two categories: estate-representative monarchy and constitutional. In the first case, power is limited by the criterion of belonging to an estate; most often it manifests itself in a consultative form. In the constitutional form, the power of the monarch is limited by the Constitution, and at the same time, the state has a parliament, the composition of which is formed by the people.
Forms of government of the state: republic
With this type of structure, the authorities, and, in particular, their composition, are formed by the people. Representatives of the authorities are necessarily responsible to the citizens of the country equally. The actions of the president are carried out on behalf of the people, and the authorities are formed in such a way as to be independent from each other.
The limit on the actions of those elected by the people is a special measure that expresses their responsibility to the citizens of the country. Power is given for a certain period of time, which can be shortened if the elected representatives do not fulfill their duties properly.
There are three types of republics:
1. Parliamentary, in which the parliament plays the main role and has more power than the president. It is he who forms the government and dismisses it if necessary. In Greece, Israel and Germany this is the form of republic where presidents do not have significant powers.
2. Presidential. A distinctive feature of this form of government is that the main power is concentrated in the hands of the president, who forms the government. It currently exists in the United States and Ecuador.
3. Mixed form. In this case, powers are shared between parliament and the president.
Thus, the listed types of government have a number of advantages and disadvantages. At the moment, monarchy is not that common and is probably hard to imagine as a progressive option today. The people's government is also not an ideal of government, since the presence of many responsible persons results in the fact that no one is responsible, and uniformly contributes to empty disputes. In this sense, the monarchical form of government implies greater specificity. Perhaps there is an ideal form of government that we do not yet know about, or perhaps it lies in its absence. One way or another, a republic and a monarchy are two extremes, between which there is a people who must put up with one of them.
Forms of government option 1
A1. A form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of one person exercising sole rule is called:
A2. Are the following statements about forms of government true?
A3. The Government of the Russian Federation exercises power:
A4. A special procedure for holding senior officials accountable and removing them from office is called: 1) hierarchy 2) inauguration 3) sovereignty 4) impeachment
A5.
A6. IN Russian Federation Parliament consists of two chambers:
Federal Assembly and The State Duma 2) State Duma and Federation Council 3) Federation Council and State Council 4) State Council and Government
IN 1
Q2. Find statements in the proposed list that characterize the President of the Russian Federation:
1) is elected for a period of five years 2) is elected by the country’s parliament 3) is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief 4) has the right of veto on parliamentary decisions 5) draws up the state budget 6) is the head of state
Q3.According to ancient philosophers, there are three correct forms of government and three distorted incarnations of them.
Write.
AT 4. All the terms listed below, with the exception of one, refer to the concept of “republic”. Write down this term.
Forms of government option 2
A1. A special procedure for holding senior officials accountable and removing them from office is called: 1) hierarchy 2) inauguration 3) sovereignty 4) impeachment
A2. The president is the head of state, forms the government and heads the executive branch. These are the features of: 1) an absolute monarchy 2) a limited monarchy 3) a presidential republic 4) a parliamentary republic
A3. In the Russian Federation, parliament consists of two chambers:
Federal Assembly and State Duma 2) State Duma and Federation Council
3) Federation Council and State Council 4) State Council and Government
A4. A form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of one person exercising sole rule is called:
1) limited monarchy 2) absolute monarchy 3) presidential republic 4) parliamentary republic
A5. Are the following statements about forms of government true?
A. Forms of government differ in the way the supreme power is organized.
B. Forms of government differ in the methods and means of exercising state power and governance in the country.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
A6. The Government of the Russian Federation exercises power:
legislative 2) deliberative 3) executive 4) judicial
IN 1. Find the similarities and differences between an absolute monarchy and a limited monarchy
the head of state is one person 2) all power belongs only to the monarch
3) there is an elected legislative body 4) the monarch personally appoints the head of government
5) is a form of government of the state
Similarities - Differences -
AT 2.Find statements in the proposed list that characterize the President of the Russian Federation:
1) is elected for a period of five years 2) is elected by the country’s parliament 3) is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief
4) has the right to veto decisions of parliament 5) draws up the state budget 6) is the head of state
Q3.According to ancient philosophers, there are three correct forms of government and three distorted incarnations of them. Write.
AT 4. All the terms listed below, with the exception of one, refer to the concept of “republic”. Write down this term. presidential, absolute, parliamentary, mixed
Answers:
145, 23
absolute
27. Although the earth and all lower beings belong in common to all men, yet every man has a certain property consisting of his own person, to which no one but himself has any right. We may say that the labor of his body and the work of his hands are, in the strictest sense, his own. Whatever then a person extracts from the state in which nature created and preserved this object, he combines it with his labor and adds to it something that belongs to him personally and thereby makes it his property. Since he removes this object from the state of common possession in which nature has placed it, by his labor he adds to it something that excludes the common right of other people. After all, since this labor is the indisputable property of the worker, no person other than him can have a right to what he once added it to, at least in those cases where there is a sufficient quantity and of the same quality [of the object of labor] remains for the general use of others.
44. From all this it is obvious that although the objects of nature are given to everyone in common, yet man, being master over himself and the owner of his own personality, its actions and its labor, as such contained within himself the great basis of property and that which constituted most of what he used to support his existence or for his convenience, when inventions and art improved the conditions of life, was entirely his own and. was not jointly owned with others.
18. The rule of the father-breadwinner gradually and in different ways grew into a political community 2-105, 2-107, 2-162, but always through the consent of the governed 2-112.
105. I will not deny that if we look back as far as history allows us to the origins of states, we usually find that they were under the authority and management of one man. And I am also inclined to believe that where the family has been numerous enough to support itself, and has continued to exist as a cohesive whole, without intermingling with others, as often happens where there is much land and few people, the government is usually it started with my father. After all, the father, possessing, according to the law of nature, the same power as any other person - to punish in necessary cases, in his opinion, for any violation of this law - could, therefore, punish his disobedient children even when they were already adults and independent; and it is quite possible that they also obediently accepted punishment from him and all united with him against the criminal, thereby giving their father the power to carry out his sentence in case of any offense, and thereby actually making him a legislator and ruler everyone who remained part of his family….
107. First of all, first the rule of the father during the childhood of his offspring accustomed them to the leadership of one man, and they learned that where it is carried out with care and skill, with love and affection for those under his leadership, it is quite sufficient to achieve and provide people with all the political happiness they were looking for in society. It is not surprising that they resorted to this form of government and quite naturally came across it, because it was precisely this form that they had all been accustomed to since childhood and knew from experience that it was not burdensome and reliable. If we add to this that monarchy is the simplest and most obvious form for people whom no experience has taught various forms government, nor the vanity and shamelessness of the empire led to the realization that they must beware of attacks on prerogatives and beware of the inconveniences of absolute power, which a hereditary monarchy is apt to claim and which a hereditary monarchy is apt to impose on them, it is not surprising that they did not take much trouble to reflect on methods of limiting any lawlessness on the part of those who were given power over themselves, and did not try to balance the power of the government by transferring individual parts of it to different hands. They did not feel oppressed by a tyrannical power, and neither the custom of their age, nor their possessions, nor their way of life (which provided very little food for greed or ambition) gave them any reason to fear it or defend themselves against it; and that is why it is not surprising that they created for themselves such a structure of government, which, as I have already said, was not only the most obvious and simple, but also best suited to their present position and condition, when they were more in need of protection from foreign invasions and raids than in the variety of laws. Given the same simple, poor way of life for all, when the desires of the people were contained within the narrow limits of each individual's small property, there remained little cause for dispute and, consequently, there was no need for many laws to settle them. And then there was no need for a justice system, since there were few offenses and few criminals...
162. It is easy to understand that during the infancy of government, when states differed only little from families in the number of people, they differed from them to just as little in the number of laws. And since the rulers were like fathers for the people, looking after them for their own good, government was almost entirely a prerogative. They made do with a few established laws, and the prudence and care of the ruler did the rest. But when error or flattery induced weak princes to use this power for their own private purposes, and not for the common good, the people began to strive, by means of certain laws, to limit the prerogative in those manifestations in which the people suffered from it. And thus, the people found it necessary to establish restrictions on the prerogative in those cases in which the people themselves and their ancestors had previously left complete freedom of decision to the prudence of those sovereigns who used this prerogative only in justice, that is, for the good of their people.
112. Thus we may see how probable it is that men who were naturally free, and by their own consent either submitted to the rule of their father, or united as representatives of several families to form a state, would generally place power in the hands of one man, and prefer obey one person, without limiting or regulating his power in any way, since they trusted his honesty and prudence, although they never dreamed that monarchy was jure divino, about which we have not heard anything from any of the representatives of mankind until then until this revelation was made to us by the theology of this last age; Equally, people have never allowed paternal power to have the right to command or to be the basis of any government. All this is sufficient to show that, to the extent that we have any historical evidence, we have reason to conclude that every peaceful formation of a state was based on the consent of the people. I say peaceful, because I will have occasion to speak elsewhere of conquest, which some consider to be the mode of origin of the state.
1. Anarchy(from the Greek “without a ruler”) - a society built on the principles of self-government, when all issues are resolved by popular assemblies.
2. Aristocracy(from the Greek “most noble, of the noblest origin” and Greek “power, state, might”) - a privileged class of society, mainly consisting of representatives of the most noble families, the nobility.
3. Gerontocracy(from the Greek geron “old man” and the Greek kratos “power, state, might”) - the principle of management in which power belongs to the elders. The term was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century by ethnographer W. Rivers. According to his theory, gerontocracy was characteristic of the aborigines of Australia and some peoples of Oceania. However, according to modern ideas, the special position of elders in primitive society is only one of the elements of the organization of the supreme power of tribes.
4. Democracy(Greek “power of the people”) - a type of political structure of the state or political system of society, in which legislative and executive functions are carried out both through direct democracy (direct democracy) and through representatives elected by the people or any part of them (representative democracy ).
5. Imitation democracy, or otherwise managed democracy, manipulated democracy, decorative democracy, quasi-democracy, pseudo-democracy - a form of organization of the political system of the state, in which, despite formally democratic legislation and formal compliance with all election procedures, the actual participation of civil society in governing the state and the influence of society on power ( feedback) is small or minimal. A mock democracy typically has a political system with a dominant party.
6.Liberal democracy(another name is polyarchy) is a form of socio-political structure - a legal state based on representative democracy, in which the will of the majority and the ability of elected representatives to exercise power are limited in the name of protecting the rights of the minority and the freedoms of individual citizens. Liberal democracy aims to provide every citizen with equal rights to due process, private property, privacy, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion. These liberal rights are enshrined in higher laws (such as a constitution or statute, or in precedent decisions made by the highest courts), which, in turn, empower various government and public bodies to ensure these rights.
7. Representative democracy- a political regime in which the people are recognized as the main source of power, but government is delegated to various representative bodies, whose members are elected by citizens. Representative democracy is the leading form of political participation in modern states. Its essence lies in the indirect participation of citizens in decision-making, in their selection of their representatives to government bodies, designed to express their interests, pass laws and give orders.
8. Direct democracy(direct democracy) - a form of political organization and structure of society in which the main decisions are initiated, adopted and executed directly by citizens; direct implementation of decision-making by the population itself of a general and local nature; direct law-making of the people.
9. Bourgeois democracy- in “leftist”, especially Marxist social science, the designation of a form of political system based on recognition of the principles of democracy, freedom and equality of citizens under the real dominance of the bourgeoisie.
10. Despotism- a form of government and government in which all supreme state power is concentrated in the hands of an absolute ruler or a narrow group of people who have the right to freely control the fate of their subjects. The word also often refers to totalitarian rule, accompanied by repression, suppression of civil liberties, control and surveillance of state subjects.
11. Jamahiriya- a form of social (some experts believe that state) structure, different from a monarchy and a republic, substantiated in the Third World Theory of Muammar Gaddafi and set out in the first part of the Green Book.
12. Dual power- a regime of simultaneous coexistence of two authorities in one country. It can be either the result of an acute political conflict or a conscious political institution (two Spartan kings, two consuls in the Roman Republic, two emperors in the late Roman Empire). In the latter case, the term diarchy is sometimes used (from the Greek “two” and the Greek “ruler, ruler”).
13. Dictatorship(lat. dictatura) - a form of government in which all state power belongs to one person - the dictator.
14. Military dictatorship- a form of government in which all power is wielded by the military, usually having seized power through a coup d'etat.
15. Fascism(Italian fascismo from fascio “bundle, bundle, association”) - as a political science term, is a general name for specific far-right political movements, their ideology, as well as the dictatorial-type political regimes they lead.
16. Kleptocracy(from ancient Greek literally “power of thieves”) - an ideological cliché denoting a political regime in which the main government decisions are motivated, first of all, by the direct material interest of a narrow group of people making these decisions.
17. Corporatocracy(English corporatocracy - “corporate power”) is a form of government or political system in which power is exercised through powerful and wealthy companies. There is an opinion that US weapons companies sponsor political parties, and therefore, despite the frequent murders of citizens with firearms, politicians are in no hurry to outlaw weapons, but, on the contrary, promote weapons among unarmed citizens, but this has not been proven.
18. Meritocracy(from the Latin letters “power of the worthy”) - the principle of management, according to which leadership positions should be occupied by the most capable people, regardless of their social and economic background. It is used primarily in two meanings. The first meaning of the term corresponds to a system opposed to aristocracy and democracy, in which leaders are appointed from among specially patronized talents. The second, more common, meaning involves the creation of initial conditions for objectively gifted and hardworking people, so that in the future they have a chance to occupy a high social position in conditions of free competition.
19. Militocracy(from Latin militaris - military and Greek κρατία - power), barracksocracy - the power of the military, military dictatorship, rule by people from paramilitary structures.
20. Monarchy(Latin monarcha from the Greek μοναρχία - “unity”) - a form of government in which the supreme state power belongs to one person - the monarch (king, czar, emperor, duke, archduke, sultan, emir, khan...) and, as a rule, is inherited.
21. Absolute monarchy(from Latin absolutus - unconditional) - a type of monarchical form of government, in which the entirety of state (legislative, executive, judicial), and sometimes spiritual (religious) power is legally and actually in the hands of the monarch.
22. Constitutional monarchy- a monarchy in which the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution. In a constitutional monarchy, real legislative power belongs to parliament, and executive power belongs to the government.
23.Dualistic monarchy(Latin Dualis - dual) - a type of constitutional monarchy in which the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution and parliament in the legislative field, but within the framework set by them, the monarch has complete freedom to make decisions.
24. Parliamentary monarchy- a type of constitutional monarchy in which the monarch has no power and performs only a representative function. In a parliamentary monarchy, the government is responsible to parliament, which has more power than other government bodies (although this may vary from country to country).
Ancient Eastern monarchy- the first form of government in the history of mankind, had unique features inherent only to it.
Feudal monarchy(medieval monarchy) - successively goes through three periods of its development: early feudal monarchy, estate-representative monarchy, absolute monarchy. Some researchers highlight the stage of patrimonial monarchy between the first and second stages.
Patrimonial monarchy- a monarchy, in which the supreme power again becomes real and the order of its transfer ceases to depend on the will of large feudal lords, in the fight against which the monarch enters into an alliance with the knighthood and the third estate and begins the process of state centralization.
25. Estates-representative monarchy- a monarchy in which the power of the monarch is limited not only by representatives of his vassals, as in a patrimonial monarchy, but also by representatives of the third estate. Subsequently, with the transition to a mercenary army and the elimination of appanages, it transformed into an absolute monarchy.
26. Netocracy(English netocracy) is a new form of social management, when the main value is not material objects (money, real estate, etc.), but information. Full access to reliable information and manipulation with it provide power over other participants in a particular society (society, country, state).
27. Noocracy(Greek νους, “mind” + Greek κράτος, “power”) - a type of political structure or social system of society, which is “based on the priority of the human mind” in the formation of the Earth’s noosphere according to the ideas of academician. V.I. Vernadsky and the French philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.
28. One-party system- a type of political system in which a single political party has legislative power. Opposition parties are either banned or systematically not allowed to come to power.
29. Oligarchy(from ancient Greek oligos “a little” and arche “power”) - a form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a narrow circle of people (oligarchs) and corresponds to their personal interests, and not to the common good.
30. Ochlocracy(from Greek οχλος - crowd and Κρατος - power, lat. ochlocratia) - a degenerate form of democracy, based on the changing whims of the crowd, constantly falling under the influence of demagogues. Ochlocracy is characteristic of transition and crisis periods.
31. Plutocracy(Greek πλουτος - wealth, κράτος - government) - a form of government when government decisions are determined not by the opinion of the entire people, but by an influential class of rich people, while there is deep social inequality and low social mobility.
32. Republic(Latin res publica, “common cause”) - a form of government in which supreme power is exercised by elected bodies elected by the population (but not always) for a certain period. Currently, out of 190 countries in the world, more than 140 are republics.
33. A parliamentary (parliamentary) republic is a type of republic with a preponderance of powers in favor of parliament. In a parliamentary republic, the government is responsible only to parliament and not to the president.
34. Presidential Republic characterized by the significant role of the president in the system of government bodies, combining in his hands the powers of the head of state and head of government. It is also called a dualistic republic, thereby emphasizing the fact of a clear separation of two powers: the concentration of strong executive power in the hands of the president, and legislative power in the hands of parliament.
35. Mixed Republic(can also be called a semi-presidential, semi-parliamentary, presidential-parliamentary republic) is a form of government that cannot be considered either a presidential or a parliamentary republic.
36. Theocracy(from the Greek θεος - God and κρατειν - to govern) - a system of government in which important public affairs are decided according to divine instructions, revelations or laws. According to another definition, a political system in which religious figures have a decisive influence on state policy.
37. Technocracy(Greek τέχνη, “skill” + Greek κράτος, “power”) - a socio-political system in which society is regulated by competent scientists and engineers based on the principles of scientific and technical rationality. At the moment, this type of socio-political structure has not been fully implemented in any country in the world.
38. Timocracy(from ancient Greek τῑμή, “price, honor” and κράτος, “power, strength”) - a form of government in which state power is held by a privileged minority with a high property qualification. It is a form of oligarchy.
39. Tyranny (Greek τυραννίς) - a form of state power established by force and based on individual rule. Also, tyranny is a form of political structure of a number of medieval city-states of Northern and Central Italy, that is, Signoria.