And economic processes on the accounts, which is cut off on the debit and credit of the account, which characterizes the balance of the corresponding account. This grouping allows you to determine the procedure for recording business transactions in accounts to obtain the necessary information.
Accounting accounts are divided into groups according to their purpose and structure: main, regulatory, operational, financial performance and off-balance sheet accounts.
Main accounts
Main accounts in accounting are used to control the availability and changes of economic assets and the sources of their formation. They are called basic because the objects taken into account on them, i.e. economic assets and their sources form the basis of economic activity and in their totality characterize the property status of the enterprise. Based on their indicators (balances), these accounts serve as the basis for drawing up a balance sheet.
The main accounts are divided into groups: material accounts, cash accounts, equity accounts and settlement accounts.
Material accounts are designed to record the presence and movement (receipt, expenditure) of an enterprise's material assets. These include accounts: “Fixed Assets”, “Intangible Assets”, “Inventory”, “Finished Products”, “Goods”, etc.
What this group of accounts has in common is that they are all active. The balance only has a debit balance, showing the presence (balance) of this type of material assets as of the reporting date; the debit turnover of these accounts shows the receipt (increase) of material assets, and the credit turnover shows their decrease.
Regulatory accounts.
Designed to regulate the assessment of economic assets or sources of their formation, recorded in the main accounts. These accounts are also used when it is necessary to obtain additional information on accounting objects that is necessary for management. These accounts can be either analytical or analytical.
Operating
Designed to reflect expenses, income and results of the enterprise. Unlike the material account, the transaction account reflects the movement of not just one, but all types of assets taking part in the implementation of a particular economic process.
Off-balance sheet
Designed to account for household assets that did not belong to a given enterprise, but are temporarily in its use or storage. These funds are recorded on the balance sheet of the enterprises to which they belong. When preparing a balance sheet, the balances of these accounts are reflected behind the balance sheet total.
20. Chart of accounts
To obtain the comprehensive information necessary for management and control, the use of a scientifically based chart of accounts is important.
The chart of accounts is understood as a systematic list of accounts that determines the organization of the entire accounting system in enterprises, organizations and institutions in order to obtain the information necessary for management and control.
The chart of accounts is developed based on the classification of accounts according to their economic content and is approved by the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. In accordance with the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "On approval of the program for reforming the accounting system using international standards" dated October 28, 1998 No. 1706, the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine developed and approved (by order dated November 30, 1999 No. 291) a Chart of Accounts for accounting of assets, capital, liabilities and business operations of enterprises and organizations. It is mandatory for all enterprises and organizations in Ukraine (except for banks and budgetary institutions).
The adopted Chart of Accounts is shown on page 604.
The accounts in the Economic Content Plan are grouped into nine classes. Off-balance sheet accounts are included in a separate class. At the same time, the accounts in the Plan are placed in a certain sequence: first, classes of accounts for accounting for economic assets and processes, and then classes of accounts for accounting for the sources of formation of economic assets.
Each synthetic account and subaccount, in addition to the name, is assigned a specific number (code), i.e. conventional numerical designation. The use of account codes significantly speeds up and reduces accounting work, and is also a necessary condition for the automated processing of accounting information on electronic computers.
The Chart of Accounts uses a decimal numbering (coding) system for accounts. This means that the maximum possible number of synthetic accounts in the Plan is no more than 99, and the number of subaccounts to the corresponding synthetic accounts is no more than 9. Each class is assigned a certain series of account numbers (codes), taking into account a certain reserve of free numbers (in case there will be a need for additional synthetic accounts). The numbers (codes) of synthetic accounts are two-digit. Subaccounts are assigned serial numbers within the corresponding synthetic account. The number (code) of each subaccount consists of the synthetic account number and the serial number of the subaccount itself. In this case, the first digit of the subaccount number (code) means the class number, the second - the synthetic account number, the third - the subaccount number. For example, code 103 means: 1 - class "Non-current assets", 0 - synthetic account number "Fixed assets", 3 - subaccount number "Buildings and structures"; code 201 means: 2 - number of the class "Inventories", 0 - number of the synthetic account "Inventory", 1 - number of the sub-account "Raw materials".
The Ministry of Finance of Ukraine has granted enterprises the right, if necessary, to enter any subaccounts, while maintaining the numbering of subaccounts in the current Chart of Accounts. This will allow for greater analyticity of accounting information and more complete use of the capabilities of modern computer technology.
To ensure the correct use of accounts when reflecting business transactions, the Ministry of Finance has developed instructions for the Chart of Accounts. It provides characteristics of the economic content, purpose and structure of each account, typical correspondence of accounts, and also provides instructions on the procedure for organizing analytical accounting. The chart of accounts and instructions for its use are an important means of state management of accounting in enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership, the ability to generalize accounting indicators when preparing a balance sheet and other forms of reporting.
21. Documentation, its meaning
A prerequisite for reflecting business transactions in accounting is their registration with the appropriate documents.
Documents* represent written evidence of the actual implementation of a business transaction or a written order authorizing the right to carry it out.
The method of documenting business transactions is called documentation. Documentation is an important element of the accounting method: it serves for primary monitoring of business transactions and is a prerequisite for reflecting them in accounting.
The quality of the accounting itself and the reporting compiled on its basis largely depends on the timeliness of preparation and quality of documents.
The procedure for documenting business transactions and the requirements for drawing up documents are regulated by the Regulations on documentary support of accounting records, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine dated May 24, 1995 No. 88.
Documentation is important in managing the activities of an enterprise. In the form of relevant documents (payment orders, cash orders, work orders, demands, etc.), orders are given to carry out business transactions (transfer or issue of funds, issue of materials, performance of work, etc.). For employees carrying out these orders (cashiers, financially responsible persons, workers, etc.), documents serve as justification for the operations they carried out.
The importance of documents is especially great for preliminary and subsequent control over the legality and expediency of business transactions and compliance with state regulations. Preliminary control is carried out by the management of the enterprise: by signing the document, they take responsibility for the legality of the operation formalized by this document. Subsequent control is carried out by accounting employees when accepting and processing documents, as well as employees of tax, financial and audit authorities.
Documents are important in ensuring control over the safety of the enterprise’s property and its rational use. Strict adherence to the procedure for the acceptance and release of material assets and funds, the implementation of settlement relations only on the basis of properly executed documents prevents abuses by officials. Practice shows that shortages, waste and mismanagement, and various abuses most often occur where documents are prepared untimely and incorrectly, and records are kept unsatisfactorily.
Documents also have legal (legal) significance as written evidence of business transactions, and therefore are used by judicial authorities when considering business claims. Judicial authorities recognize documents as having evidentiary and legal force only if they are drawn up in a timely manner and properly executed.
With the use of electronic computer technology in accounting for collecting and processing information, along with paper documents, machine media for accounting information are widely used. Some of them record a business transaction at the time of its completion, others are compiled according to data from primary storage media and are used for the convenience of processing it and automatically entering it into a computer.
22. Requirements for the content and execution of documents
22. Details documents. The completeness and reliability of accounting and reporting indicators largely depends on the quality of preparation and execution of documents. Therefore, the following requirements are imposed on documents: timeliness of preparation, reliability of indicators, correctness of execution.
A correctly executed document must contain the indicators necessary to provide complete information about the transaction being performed. The indicators contained in the document and characterizing the operation are called its details. The required details of each document are:
the name of the company on behalf of which the document was drawn up;
name of the document, its number, form code; date of document preparation; the content of a business transaction and its measures, signatures of officials responsible for the content of the transaction and the correctness of its execution. Depending on the nature of the transaction and the technology for processing accounting information, the documents may contain other additional details.
When using computer technology, document details can be recorded in the form of appropriate codes. Documents compiled with the help of computer technology are used in accounting provided that they are given legal force. Such documents must be recorded on tangible media (magnetic, paper), manufactured, marked and encoded in accordance with the requirements of established standards and codification systems. At the request of regulatory or judicial investigative authorities and its counterparties, the enterprise is obliged to make copies of such documents on paper.
If a document does not have any of the required details, it loses its legal force.
23. The procedure for drawing up and processing documents.
In accordance with the Regulations on Documentary Support of Accounting Records, primary documents must be drawn up at the time of each business transaction or, if this is not possible, immediately after its completion. Documents are drawn up on standard forms approved by the Ministry of Finance and the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, or on specialized forms approved by ministries and departments, as well as those produced independently, which must have the mandatory details of standard or specialized forms.
Documents must be drawn up clearly, legibly, without erasures, blots or other defects that would cast doubt on the authenticity of the document and the correctness of the business transaction. Free lines in documents must be crossed out. Errors in documents are corrected by proofreading, i.e. The incorrect text or amount is crossed out with a thin line so that what has been crossed out can be read, and the correct text or amount is written at the top. Correction of errors must be indicated by the inscription “Corrected” and confirmed by the signature of the persons who signed this document, indicating the date of correction. If an error is identified by accounting employees in a document not drawn up in the accounting department (for example, an advance or material report, etc.), the person who made the error is notified of the need to correct it. Such a sender must also sign a disclaimer regarding the corrections made.
The procedure for correcting errors in documents compiled by machine is determined by the Instructions on the organization of accounting using computer technology. Documents drawn up in violation of established rules have no legal (evidential) force. No corrections, even specified ones, are allowed in cash and bank documents. Documents related to the execution of monetary transactions (cash checks, bills, etc.) are drawn up on special forms made in such a way that no corrections can be made to them (for example, document forms are printed on paper with watermarks). Such forms are called strict accounting forms and strict control is established over their use. If an error was made when drawing up a document on such a form, as a result of which the form was damaged, it is canceled by crossing it out or by making a cut and stored for subsequent verification of the use of the forms of these documents. A new, correct document is issued in place of the damaged one.
The persons who signed the document are responsible for the accuracy of the information contained in the document and its high-quality preparation.
24. Procedure for checking and processing documents
Documents drawn up in different business units (shops, teams, warehouses, etc.), after completing business operations, are transferred to the accounting department in the manner and within the time frame established by the chief accountant. Accepted documents are subject to processing, the purpose of which is to prepare documents for subsequent entries in the registers of synthetic and analytical accounting. Processing of documents consists of checking them. pricing (taxation^, grouping and account assignment.
Verification of documents in accordance with the Regulations on Documentary Support of Accounting Records must be carried out from the point of view of the legality of transactions, compliance with requirements regarding their execution and the correctness of arithmetic calculations. Based on these requirements, documents are subject to verification: substantive, formal and arithmetic,
Verification of documents essentially consists of establishing the legality and economic feasibility of the operation documented by the document, compliance with estimates, norms, prices, and limits.
During the formal verification of documents, the completeness and correctness of filling out all the details of the document and the authenticity of the signatures of officials are established. Arithmetic check consists of checking the correctness of all arithmetic calculations, contained in the document.
Incorrectly drawn up or incompletely drawn up documents are returned to the persons who drew up the document for re-registration, and sometimes for re-drafting.
If the verification of documents reveals forgery of signatures or any details or other abuses, That such documents must be detained and transferred to the chief accountant for taking the necessary measures,
If when checking document received from another company, an error is detected, then a written message about this is sent to him. After that necessary follow up receiving messages about What the company did necessary corrections in their records. In accounting for this farming is necessary make correct notes immediately on based on the calculation attached to the document, in which it was found error. An exception to this rule is made only for bank institutions. If a bank statement from a current or other account of an enterprise shows an erroneous amount (about debiting or crediting funds), then the enterprise makes the same entry, attributing this amount to the bank account for claims. At the same time, the company takes measures to ensure that the bank corrects its erroneous entries. In its accounting, the enterprise repeats the entries made by the bank.
The next stage of document processing is pricing (taxing), which consists of entering the price and amount in the appropriate columns of the document, i.e. monetary assessment of natural indicators of a business operation. The need for pricing is due to the fact that a significant number of documents received by the accounting department have only natural meters (requirements, invoices, limit cards, etc.), and therefore require a price and amount. Documents in which one of the required details when drawing up is a monetary meter are not subject to pricing.
Grouping of documents consists of combining primary documents of similar content into groups and recording them in grouping sheets to determine the overall total for each group. This allows you to significantly reduce the number of entries in accounting registers.
Account assignment of documents consists of indicating the corresponding accounts on which the business transaction executed by a document or group of documents should be reflected, i.e. in preparing accounting entries. Mostly, accounting entries are made on the form of the document used to document the business transaction. The entry is made by hand in the free space of the document or in the imprint of a special stamp that has columns to reflect the numbers of the corresponding accounts and the amount. On the forms of individual documents (cash orders, advance reports, etc.) special columns are provided to indicate corresponding accounts. In some cases, memorial records are used to prepare accounting entries.
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for accounting for fixed assets and intangible and other non-current assets (01 “Fixed assets”, 03 “Income-generating investments in tangible assets”, 04 “Intangible assets”, 07 “Equipment for installation”, 08 “Investments in”, 09 “Deferred tax assets ");
for accounting of production inventories (10 “Materials”, 11 “Animals for growing and fattening”, 14 “Reserves for reducing the cost of material assets”, 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”);
on accounting of costs for the manufacture and production of products, works and services (15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 20 “Main production”, 21 “Semi-finished products of own production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General expenses”, 28 “Defects in production”, 40 “Release of products (works, services)”, 44 “Sales expenses”, 46 “Completed stages of work in progress”, “97 “Deferred expenses”);
2. Account of non-productive consumption (29 “Servicing industries and households);
3. Circulation accounts:
for accounting of finished products and sales (41 “Goods”, 42 “Trade margin”, 43 “Finished products”, 45 “Shipped goods”, 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”);
on accounting of funds and investments (50 “Cash”, 51 “Current account”, 52 “Currency accounts”, 55 “Special bank accounts”, 57 “Transfers in transit”, 58 “Financial investments”);
· for accounting for funds in settlements (, 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, , 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations”, 75 “Settlements with founders” sub-account “Settlements for contributions to the authorized (share) capital”, , 77 " Deferred tax assets",);
4. Accounts for accounting for distribution (84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss), 99 “Profits and losses”).
on accounting of financial results (98 “Deferred income”, 99 “Profits and losses”).
2. Accounts for accounting for borrowed sources:
for accounting of accounts payable (60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, 75 “Settlements with founders” sub-account “Settlements for the payment of income”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, 79 “Intra-business settlements ");
on accounting for permanent obligations (68 “Settlements with the budget”, 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security”, 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”).
According to the purpose and structure of the accounting accounts, they can be classified as follows:
main accounts;
regulatory accounts;
distribution accounts;
calculation accounts;
The chart of accounts contains values that are taken into account that are temporarily held by the organization, but do not belong to it. The essence of accounting on off-balance sheet accounts is that they reflect events and transactions that do not currently affect the balance sheet of the organization and the results of its financial and economic activities. Entries in off-balance sheet accounts are maintained either in debit or credit, that is, there is no correspondence between off-balance sheet accounts and other accounting accounts.
Accounting for property, liabilities and business transactions is carried out in foreign currency Russian Federation. In accordance with Article 27 of the Federal Law of July 10, 2002 No. 86-FZ “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia),” the official monetary unit (currency) of the Russian Federation is the ruble. The introduction of other monetary units on the territory of the Russian Federation and the issuance of monetary surrogates are prohibited.
Documentation of property, liabilities and other facts of economic activity, maintenance of accounting and reporting registers is carried out in Russian. In accordance with Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation of October 25, 1991 No. 1807-1 “On the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation,” Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation throughout its entire territory. The provision on the state language of the Russian Federation is also enshrined in Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted on December 12, 1993, according to which Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation.
You can find out more about issues related to accounting and reporting in the book of JSC “BKR-Intercom-Audit” “ Accounting and reporting (key points)».
During the operation of an enterprise, many operations occur related to the movement of economic assets, which are reflected in the accounting accounts. To keep records, it is necessary to determine what changes will occur in the company’s funds as a result of each business transaction, and also indicate in which accounts the amount of the transaction should be reflected. For the correct use of accounts, it is necessary to know the purpose of each account, its structure and economic content, as well as the characteristics of turnover and balance. For these purposes, the classification of accounting accounts is used.
Account classification – this is a grouping of accounts according to the most significant characteristics, which allows for uniformity in the reflection of business transactions, comparability and reducibility of relevant indicators. Classification of accounts makes it possible to determine the economic load of each accounting account.
Accounting accounts are classified:
- depending on what funds are kept in the accounts - active, passive and active-passive;
- according to the level of detail of accounting - into synthetic, analytical and sub-accounts;
- in relation to the balance sheet - on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet;
- by economic content - into nine groups, which are reflected in the Chart of Accounts;
- by purpose and structure - to accounts for accounting for economic assets and accounts intended for accounting for the economic processes of the enterprise.
By purpose and structure accounting accounts are divided into two groups (Fig. 7.1). The first group of accounts is intended for accounting for business assets; the accounts in this group are divided into main, regulating and off-balance sheet accounts. In turn, main accounts are divided into inventory, stock and current accounts.
The second group of accounts is intended to account for business processes. This group includes distribution, calculation and result accounts.
Classification of accounts according to economic content (economic classification) provides an answer to the questions: what is reflected in this or that account and how many accounts are needed for this or that object to receive a full description in current accounting?
Only if the specified requirements are met, information about any object will be useful for users in order for the latter to make informed management decisions.
The construction of a classification of accounts according to economic content is tied to the reproduction of the total social product, and therefore the list of accounts is focused on each of its stages (process).
According to the economic content of accounting objects accounts are divided into three groups:
- accounts of business transactions and financial results;
- property accounts and liabilities by sources of their formation;
- property accounts by composition and location.
Business and financial statements are divided:
- – to financial results accounts (91, 99, 84);
- – sales process accounts (90);
- – production process accounts (20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 40, 44, 46);
- – accounts of the procurement process (11, 15, 16).
Property accounts and liabilities by sources of their formation share;
– to the accounts of borrowed sources of property formation: account of the enterprise’s debt obligations to its personnel (70); debt accounts for settlements with the budget and extra-budgetary funds (68, 69); accounts of other accounts payable (60, 62, 76); credit and loan accounts (66, 67);
Rice. 7.1.
– accounts of own sources of property formation: profit and loss account (84); accounts of budget financing and receipt of funds by way of donation (86, 98); accounts of capital, funds and reserves (63, 80, 82,83, 96).
Property accounts by composition and location are divided:
- – to accounts of funds in settlements (60, 62, 71, 73, 76);
- – accounts of cash and financial assets (50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58);
- – working capital accounts (10, 14, 41, 43);
- – accounts of intangible assets (04, 05);
- – fixed asset accounts (01, 02, 03, 07, 08).
In economic classification, individual accounts that reveal the status of property are combined with the corresponding processes. These accounts are combined into groups that have economic homogeneity of the accounting objects taken into account.
Account classification by purpose and structure (structural classification) complements the economic classification in terms of the scientific formulation of accounting.
The purpose of classifying accounts by purpose and structure is to obtain the necessary information about the formation and use of economic assets, as well as the sources of their formation.
A sign of this classification are the general accounting rules for each group of accounts and the maintenance of analytical accounting.
This classification answers the questions: how are objects accounted for in a particular group of accounts, why are certain accounts needed, what indicators can be obtained using separate accounts in order to effectively manage an enterprise? The division of accounts depends on the direct function in the accounting process. According to their purpose and structure, accounts are divided into five groups: main, regulatory, operational (which include distribution and calculation accounts), matching (resulting) accounts, and off-balance sheet accounts.
Main accounts– accounting accounts designed to reflect assets and their sources. They are used to control the presence and movement of property by composition and location and by the sources of its formation. They are basic because the objects taken into account serve as the basis for the economic activity of the enterprise. A group of main accounts is distinguished when classifying accounting accounts according to their purpose and structure.
Main accounts are divided into three subgroups.
Main active accounts are used for accounting and control of intangible assets, fixed assets, cash and material assets, as well as settlements with debtors (01, 04, 07, 08, 10, 43, 41, 50, 51, 52, 55). These accounts include: inventory accounts used to record property subject to inventory and control over its availability and movement, in which records are kept in both monetary and physical units (01, 04, 07, 10, 43, 41) ; cash accounts in which accounting is kept only in monetary units (50, 51, 52, 55); partially - settlement accounts (for example, 73).
All of these accounts have the same structure and can only have a debit (or zero) balance. At the same time, the debit of these accounts shows the initial and final balance, as well as the receipt of monetary and material assets, and the credit of the account shows their disposal (Table 7.1).
Table 7.1
Structure of the main active account
Basic passive accounts are used to account for changes in funds, capital, received financing, loans and credits, obligations of the enterprise and settlements with creditors (63, 66, 67, 80, 82, 98). These accounts include capital accounts and partly settlement accounts. The balance of these accounts can only be credit (or zero). It shows the presence of own and borrowed sources and debt to other organizations and individuals. The credit of these accounts reflects the presence of sources and debts and their increase, and the debit shows the corresponding decrease (Table 7.2).
Table 7.2
Structure of the main passive account
Basic active-passive (current accounts are intended for accounting and control of settlements of a given organization with various legal entities and individuals. These accounts record settlements simultaneously with debtors and creditors or with one enterprise, which, being a debtor after several operations, can turn into a creditor or vice versa (60, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76). The same active-passive account can be both active and passive. At the same time: for the debit of accounts, the formation of accounts receivable and the repayment of accounts payable is taken into account, and for the loan – the formation of accounts payable and the repayment of accounts receivable; the debit balance is in the asset, and the credit balance is in the liability of the balance sheet. A numerical example characterizing the structure of such an account is given in Table. 7.3.
Table 7.3
Structure of the main active-passive account
|
The opening balance is accounts receivable at the beginning of the reporting period - 100,000 rubles. |
Initial balance - accounts payable at the beginning of the reporting period - 150,000 rubles. |
|
|
|
The final balance is accounts receivable at the end of the reporting period - 90,000 rubles. |
The final balance is accounts payable at the end of the reporting period - 160,000 rubles. |
|
Formula: DM2 = DM1 + Od1 – OK2 = 100,000 + 50,000 – 60,000 = 90,000 rub. |
Formula: SK2 = SK1 + Οκ1 – Od2 = 150,000 + 40,000 – 30,000 = 160,000 rubles. |
Regulatory accounts are intended to regulate (adjust) and clarify the assessment of economic assets, obtain additional indicators about the state of these funds, as well as to clarify their sources (property objects and their sources, which are recorded on the main accounts). Regulating accounts play a special role in accounting, keeping the assessment of objects unchanged on the main accounts and clarifying it. They have no independent meaning and are used only together with the main account to adjust its indicators. In this case, the adjustment amount is added to the main account amount or subtracted from it.
The need to use regulatory accounts is determined by the established rules for assessing economic assets. However, in current accounting, it is sometimes necessary to have data in two estimates (for example, the initial and residual value of fixed assets, intangible assets, the actual cost of materials and their value at wholesale or other prices, etc.). To do this, you need accounts to account for depreciation, deviations of actual costs, etc.
According to the method of clarifying the assessment, all regulatory accounts are divided into counter, additional and counter-additional accounts.
Regulating accounts, the data of which are subtracted from the amounts of the main accounts, are called contrarian. They reduce the balance of assets in the main accounts by the amount of their balance. Depending on this, they are divided into contractive and counterpassive accounts.
Contract accounts are used to clarify the residual value of the main active accounts (they reduce the balance of the main active account by the amount of their balance). There are two accounts involved here - the main and the regulating one: the main account acts as an active account, and the regulating one acts as a passive (opposing, or contractive) account.
Contractual accounts include: 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, 05 “Depreciation of intangible assets”, which regulate accounts 01 and 04, respectively, as well as account 14 “Reserves for the reduction of the value of material assets” (regulates accounts of material assets), account 59 “ Reserves for impairment of investments in securities" (regulates account 58), account 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" (regulates accounts receivable accounts).
Counterpassive account is intended to clarify the amounts of sources of property recorded in the passive account. The counter-liability account balance reduces the source size of the main account. The main account acts as a passive account, and the regulating (counter-passive) account acts as an active account. As an example, we can point to account 81 “Own shares (shares)”, intended for accounting for own shares purchased from shareholders, which leads to a decrease (adjustment) in the amount of actually operating authorized capital.
Regulating accounts, the data of which are added to the amounts of the main accounts, are called additional. They increase the balance of property in the main accounts by the amount of their balance. Depending on which account is supplemented, they are divided into active and passive.
Additional active account supplements the balance of the main active accounts by the amount of its balance. Regulating and main accounts are active. These, for example, include account 44 “Sales expenses” in relation to account 90 “Sales”.
Additional passive account supplements the balance of the corresponding main passive account by the amount of its balance. Both accounts act as passive accounts. Example – account 63 “Provisions for doubtful debts” in relation to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
Counter-additional accounts can increase or decrease the valuation of objects reflected in the main accounts. If entries are made on this account using the additional entry method, then the account acts as an additional regulatory account, and when entries are made on the account using the red reversal (reduction) method, it acts as a contra account. An example is account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets.”
Distribution accounts– accounting accounts designed to record certain production expenses and ensure the correctness and justification of their distribution among costing objects, reporting periods, etc. for a full calculation of their actual cost. Distribution accounts perform a control function. These accounts are divided into two groups: collection-distribution and budget-distribution (distribution) accounts.
Collection and distribution accounts are used to account for expenses that, at the time of their occurrence, cannot be immediately attributed to specific manufactured or sold products (indirect expenses). At the end of the month, these expenses are attributed to a specific type of product in accordance with the accepted methodology (according to accounting policies). Thus, collection and distribution accounts are designed to record and control expenses of the current reporting period, which require subsequent distribution (Table 7.4). Such accounts include: 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”, 44 “Sales expenses”.
Table 7.4
Structure of the collection and distribution account
Budgetary distribution accounts are intended for dividing expenses between individual reporting (budget) periods, for accounting for expenses of future periods and their correct distribution among reporting periods. Using this group of accounts, fluctuations in product costs across reporting periods are eliminated (Table 7.5). Accounts in this group can be either active (account 97 “Future expenses”) or passive (account 96 “Reserves for future expenses”).
Table 7.5
Structure of the active budget distribution account
Calculation accounts– accounting accounts used to obtain data necessary for calculating the cost (calculation) of manufactured products and work performed, grouping production costs in the reporting period.
These include accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 28 “Defects in production”, 29 “Service production and farms”, 08 “Investments in non-current assets”.
In the debit of the calculation accounts, expenses (expenses), production of products (works, services), as well as expenses associated with both the creation and acquisition of individual accounting objects are recorded.
The credit of such accounts reflects (writes off) the actual cost of manufactured (released) products, services rendered, actual costs of completed work, acquisition (creation) of individual accounting objects (Table 7.6).
The balance on these accounts may be in debit. It shows the size of work in progress (costs of unfinished processes) and is called “Costs in work in progress (construction)”.
Analytical accounting for calculation accounts is carried out in the context of calculation objects and calculation items.
Costing accounts allow you to obtain the information necessary to calculate the cost of products produced, work performed, services provided, which is very important for assessing the efficiency of an organization (since the lower the cost, the greater the profit).
Table 7.6
Structure of the calculation account
The credit of the calculation account reflects the costs in one estimate, and the debit - in another. To equalize the debit and credit amounts, you must make an additional or reversal entry. For example, under the credit of account 20 “Main production” during the reporting period, the output of products (performance of work, provision of services) is recorded at standard cost or at accounting prices. At the end of the reporting period, an adjustment is made and the cost is brought to the actual cost using two possible methods: red reversal or additional entry.
Red reversal method used when the standard cost is higher than the actual cost. In this case, the amount of the difference in assessments is recorded in red ink. Since the numbers written in red are subtracted (“reversed”), this means that the original amount is reduced by the amount of the reversal entry, which is recorded by posting: Debit 43 “Finished products” Credit 20 “Main production”(minus sign is implied).
Additional recording method used when the actual cost exceeds the standard cost. In this case, an (additional) entry is made in normal color. The following entry is made in accounting: Debit 43 “Finished products” Credit 20 “Main production”.
Matching accounts are intended for calculating the financial results of both individual business processes and the enterprise as a whole, by comparing debit and credit turnovers recorded in these accounts. A peculiarity of the structure of these accounts is the reflection of one accounting object in two different estimates: in one - on the debit side, and in the other - on the credit side of the account (it is recommended to open several separate sub-accounts for this). By comparing these estimates, the result of certain business processes (for example, sales) is revealed, which is written off from subaccount 90-9 specially opened for this purpose (Table 7.7).
Table 7.7
Settling Account Structure
These accounts are divided into two subgroups: operational-resulting and financial-resulting.
Operational-resulting accounts are provided for summarizing information about individual processes of the enterprise’s economic activity, as well as determining the financial result for each of them.
These include accounts 90 “Sales” and 91 “Other income and expenses”.
The debit of these accounts records: the cost of sold products, works, services; residual value of fixed assets and book value of other current assets; expenses associated with the disposal of assets, as well as fines, penalties, penalties and interest paid. The credit of accounts 90 and 91 reflects revenue and income from other operations. By comparing debit and credit turnovers, profit or loss from sales (account 90) and other operations (account 91) is determined.
These accounts do not have a balance. The balances received from them are written off monthly and included in the financial results from sales and other operations from subaccounts 90-9, 91-9 to the debit or credit of account 99 “Profits and losses”.
These accounts record expenses and income from operations related to the sale of products, performance of various works, provision of services, disposal of fixed assets, intangible assets, securities, and materials.
Financial-resulting accounts are intended to determine the financial result of the organization’s economic activities. An example is active-passive account 99 “Profits and losses”, as well as account 98 “Deferred income”. Account 99 reflects the financial result (profit or loss) from the sale of various property items and other operations (operating and non-operating income, reduced by the amount of operating and non-operating expenses). The credit of account 99 records profit, but the debit records losses.
By comparing debit and credit turnovers, the final financial result is determined: the credit balance shows profit, the debit balance shows loss (Table 7.8).
Table 7.8
Structure of the financial-resulting account
Stock accounts are intended to account for the own sources of formation of economic assets - the capital of the enterprise and retained earnings. These accounts are called stock accounts because the authorized and reserve capital are also called authorized and reserve funds.
80 “Authorized capital”; 82 “Reserve capital”; 83 “Additional capital”; 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss).”
A decrease in capital and retained earnings is reflected in the debit of these accounts, and an increase in them is reflected in the credit.
Stock account scheme
On account 80 “Authorized capital” records are kept of the authorized capital of the enterprise, which is formed from contributions from the founders. The size of the authorized capital is reflected in the constituent documents of the enterprise.
On account 82 “Reserve capital” information is reflected on the status and movement of reserve capital funds. Reserve capital is formed from retained earnings, this is the insurance capital of the enterprise, it is intended to cover losses and other unforeseen expenses.
On account 83 “Additional capital” information is reflected on the sources of formation of this type of capital and the use of its funds. Additional capital is replenished due to the increase in the value of economic assets. Additional capital funds can be used to increase the authorized capital or distribute its funds among the founders.
On account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” information is reflected on the presence and movement of amounts of retained earnings of the enterprise. Profits or losses received during the year are reflected in account 99 “Profits and losses”, and at the end of the year the remainder of the profit (or loss) in account 99 is transferred to account 84 as retained earnings (or uncovered loss). Retained earnings are used to pay income to founders, increase reserve capital, cover losses and other purposes.
Current accounts
Current accounts are intended to reflect mutual settlements with other counterparties - legal entities and individuals.
Accounting on current accounts is carried out on an analytical basis, i.e. separately for each organization or individual with whom mutual settlements are carried out. Current accounts are combined into section. 6 “Calculations” of the Chart of Accounts and can have a structure of passive or active-passive accounts.
TO passive settlement The following accounts include:
66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”; 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings”; 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”; 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security”; 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”.
These accounts reflect the company's accounts payable, for example, to banks, the budget, employees for wages, etc.
Passive current account scheme
Accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” and 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings” contain information about received short-term, for a period of no more than 12 months, or long-term, for a period of more than one year, loans and borrowings. The difference between a loan and a loan is the source of their receipt; for loans, the sources of receipt are banks, and for loans, these are non-banking institutions.
Account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” intended for conducting settlements with the budget for various taxes and fees. It contains subaccounts for each type of taxes and fees.
Account 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security” is intended for keeping records of the unified social tax, which represents payments to the following funds: social insurance, pensions and compulsory health insurance.
Account 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” is intended for settlements with employees of the enterprise for wages, as well as payment of income to the employees of the enterprise who are its founders. Wages accrued but not paid within the established three-day period are deposited, i.e. returned from the cash desk to the bank for deposit. Analytical accounting for account 70 is maintained for each employee of the enterprise.
The procedure for recording wages on account 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”
All business transactions related to the calculation and payment of wages, as well as deductions from them, are reflected in passive account 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” as follows.
1. Calculation of wages, bonuses, vacation pay and other payments to employees of the main production: D20 K70
2. Payment of the above is usually made from the cash register : D 70 K 50
3. In each case when amounts for wages are accrued, social insurance and security contributions are calculated on these amounts, i.e. unified social tax in the amount of 35.6% of the accrued amount for wages. This social tax is paid by the employer, i.e. company.: D 20 K 69
4. When calculating wages for payment, 13% of personal income tax (income tax) is deducted from the accrued amount for wages: D 70 K 68
5. Depositing wages that are not received on time is reflected in account 76, subaccount 76.4 “Calculations for deposited amounts.”
Depending on the economic content, meaning, cognition, structural accounts are divided into appropriate groups (classified).
The classification of accounting accounts is a system of accounts combined into groups according to the most significant characteristics (economic meaning, purpose, structure).
The classification of accounts according to economic meaning combines accounts that have economic homogeneity of accounting objects.
According to the economic content of the accounts, they are divided into 3 groups:
1st - accounts of household assets;
2nd - accounts of economic processes;
Zya - accounts of sources of economic funds and financial results.
Household Accounts accumulate information about the composition and placement of the organization’s property, the flow of funds, financial investments and funds in settlements.
The first group of accounts is divided into accounts:
The diagram of economic processes reflects information about the processes of selling finished products (works and services), and the procurement of material assets. The second group includes the following process accounts:
Accounts of sources of economic assets and financial results These are accounts that reflect the composition and movement of own and borrowed funds, the results of the financial and economic activities of the organization.
Accounts of sources of economic funds are divided into:
In turn, accounts of borrowed sources of formation are divided into:
Accounts of own sources of property formation are formed from:
The construction of a classification of accounts according to economic content is associated with the production of finished products and each of its stages.
There is another classification of accounts on an economic basis - the division of accounts into active, passive and active-passive.
Active account - This is an account that reflects the accounting of economic assets (property) of the enterprise.
Active accounts are located in the assets of the balance sheet.
Passive account - This is an account that reflects the movement of sources of economic assets of the enterprise.
Passive accounts are located in the liabilities side of the balance sheet.
Active-passive accounts - These are accounts that simultaneously reflect the movement of property and sources in the form of receivables and payables. In active-liability accounts, two objects are taken into account: one relates to assets, the other to obligations (liabilities).
Dividing accounts by degree of detail.
To obtain indicators of varying degrees of detail in accounting, three types of accounts are used: synthetic, analytical, and subaccounts.
Synthetic accounts- these are accounting accounts that provide generalized information about the availability and movement of property, sources, and liabilities. On synthetic accounts, accounting is kept by type of funds or their sources only in value terms. These are first order accounts.
Analytical accounts- these are accounts in which accounting objects are reflected in detail. When keeping records using analytical accounts, monetary, labor and natural indicators can be used. These are third order accounts.
Subaccounts occupy an intermediate link between synthetic and analytical accounts. They are used for accounting objects with a diverse range of items. A subaccount is introduced to obtain generalized indicators common to all enterprises, complementary indicators of synthetic accounts, and for additional grouping of some analytical accounts. These are second order accounts.
There is a relationship between synthetic and analytical accounts:
Accounting maintained using synthetic accounts is called synthetic.
Accounts that do not require analytical accounting are called simple, and accounts that require analytical accounting are called complex. For example: “Materials”, “settlements with accountable persons”.
Classification of accounts by purpose and structure.
1. Grouping accounts by structure.
The purpose of grouping by purpose and structure is to obtain the necessary information about the formation and use of business accounts, as well as the sources of their formation.
All accounting accounts are divided into:
1) Basic;
2) Regulating;
3) Operating rooms;
4) Budgetary and distribution;
5) Financially effective;
6) Off-balance sheet.
Main accounts are divided into 3 groups:
1) inventory;
2) stock;
3) accounts for recording settlements.
The group of regulatory accounts includes:
1) additional;
2) counter;
3) contra-additional.
Groups of transaction accounts represent:
1) collecting and distribution;
2) calculation;
3) matching.
Grouping accounting accounts by structure allows you to clarify the meaning of turnover and account balances.
The main inventory accounts include: 01, 04, 10, 50, 51, 55, 52, 43, etc.
The main stock accounts include: 80, 82, 83, 96, etc.
To account for calculations: 60, 68, 70, 66, 67, 76, 79, etc.
Regulating additional accounts: 44, 63, etc.
Regulatory contraries include: 02, 05, 81.
Counter-additional accounts include: 43, 40, 16.
To operational collection and distribution accounts: 25, 26, 20.
To matching accounts: 90, 91.
Budget distribution accounts include: 96, 97.
Financial distribution accounts: 84, 99, 91.
The classification of accounts by purpose and structure will complement the economic classification in terms of the scientific formulation of accounting.
Main accounts- these are accounts that serve as the basis for drawing up a balance sheet and are intended to record and control the availability and movement of funds and sources reflected in the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet.
They are also important because the objects taken into account serve as the basis for the economic activity of the enterprise.
They are divided into inventory, stock, and settlement accounts.
Inventory accounts- these are accounts that are used to record assets, the actual presence of which is established by conducting an inventory. All inventory accounts are used to account for property subject to inventory and are active accounts (01, 04, 07, 08, 10, 43, 41, 50, 51, 52, 55).
Stock accounts- these are accounts used to record the sources of property formation. Stock accounts are passive (80, 82, 83, etc.)
Settlement accounts- these are accounts that reflect the formation and movement of receivables and payables.
Accounts for accounting settlements are divided into: active, passive, active-passive.
Regulatory accounts- these are accounts that do not have independent significance and are used only together with the main account for a comprehensive description of accounting objects, adjusting the assessment of funds and sources of formation. Regulatory accounts play a special role in accounting; they maintain a constant assessment of accounting objects and clarify it.
Regulatory accounts are divided into: additional, counter And contra-additional.
Additional accounts- these are accounts that increase the valuation of an accounting object; they are divided into active and passive. If the main account is active, then the additional account to it will be active (44). The additional liability account complements the balance of the corresponding main liability account (63, 91).
Contrary accounts- these are accounts that reduce the balance of property in the main accounts. They are divided into contactive and counterpassive.
Contract accounts are accounts that are used to clarify the value of the main active accounts (they reduce the balance of the main active account by the amount of their balance). There are 2 accounts involved here - the main and the regulating ones. The main account acts as an active account, the regulating account acts as a passive (opposing or contractive) account (02 and 01, 04 and 05).
Counter-liability accounts are intended to clarify the amounts of sources of property in the main accounts. The balance in the counter-liability account reduces the source size of the main account. The main account acts as a passive account, and the resulting (counter-passive) account acts as an active account (81).
Counter-additional accounts- accounts that can increase and decrease the valuation of objects reflected in the main accounts. If checks are made on this account using the additional entry method, then the account acts as an additional resulting account, and when entries are made on the account using the red reversal (decrease) method, it acts as a counter account. An example would be counting 16.
Operating accounts are accounts that are designed to record costs and calculate the cost of products, works and services.
Operating accounts perform a control function in the formation of individual expenses and compliance with the estimates established for them, and are also used for the purpose of reasonable distribution of costs between types of products (works, services) for a full calculation of their actual cost.
Operating accounts, depending on their specific purpose, are divided into collection and distribution, calculation and matching.
Collective and distribution accounts are accounts that are used to record expenses that, at the time they are incurred, cannot be immediately attributed to finished goods. Collective and distribution accounts (25, 26, 44) are intended to account for and control expenses of the reporting period and subsequent distribution of expenses in accordance with the accepted methodology. The chosen methodology for relation to costs must be reflected in the accounting policies of the organization.
Calculation accounts- these are accounts intended for grouping production costs and calculating the cost of manufactured products, work performed or services performed in the reporting period. These include 22, 23. The debit of the calculation accounts reflects the costs of producing products (works, services).
Matching accounts- these are accounts designed to determine the financial result of both individual business processes and activities as a whole. The financial result is determined by comparing debit and credit turnover and is taken into account in these accounts. A feature of the structure of these accounts is the reflection of one accounting object in two different estimates: one for the debit, and the other for the credit of the account (91,91, 99).
Budgetary distribution accounts- these are accounts that allow you to eliminate fluctuations in product costs by evenly writing off expenses across adjacent reporting periods. These accounts can be active or passive (96, 97).
Financially productive accounts are accounts that are intended to determine the financial result of the organization’s economic activities (99, 84, 98).
Off-balance sheet accounts- these are accounts whose balances are not included in the balance sheet, but are called its total, i.e. behind the balance.
Off-balance sheet accounts are used to control and record values that do not belong to the enterprise, but are at the disposal of the organization for some time; for example, leased fixed assets (001), inventory items accepted for safekeeping (002), etc.
The chart of accounts provides 11 off-balance sheet accounts (001-011).
The main feature of off-balance sheet accounts is that they are recorded using a simple recording scheme. Accounting entries are made only by debit (receipt transactions) or only by credit (expense transactions) of the off-balance sheet account. Off-balance sheet accounts are divided into active and passive (010).
Various classifications of accounts make it possible to determine the meaning, essence of each account, the relationship of the account with other accounts, its information content, location in the balance sheet, etc.