A talented engineer-inventor and outstanding scientist, who can rightfully be called the first radio operator of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich was born on February 9, 1888 (February 21, new style) in Orel.
Mikhail Alexandrovich's father was Alexander Ivanovich Bonch-Bruevich, an impoverished landowner of the Oryol province, who in 1896 transferred to technical work in the Kyiv Water Supply Administration. At the same time, his wife and four children moved to Kyiv. In Kyiv, they settled on the outskirts of the city, not far from the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, in a house with a large garden. The children entered educational institutions. Mikhail Alexandrovich's school grades did not always please his parents. He studied unevenly, in different schools, but quite successfully completed his secondary education at the Kiev Commercial School. Since childhood, Mikhail Alexandrovich was fond of reading popular works, mainly in the field of natural science, physics and technology. In the large garden adjacent to their house, he and his brothers set up a laboratory for chemical and physical experiments. This helped Mikhail Aleksandrovich, by the end of his high school course, accumulate a significant stock of knowledge and experience in the field of natural sciences, which went far beyond the school curriculum, and to some extent develop the intuition of an experimenter. All this strengthened his desire to enter a technical specialized educational institution. Circumstances were such that in order to continue his education, with the approval of his parents, he needed to enter the Nikolaev Military Engineering School; at the same time, the issue of serving military service was resolved.
It should be noted that among all the military schools of that time, this secondary specialized educational institution stood out for its rather democratic regime, the high cultural level of its teachers and noble traditions; Many outstanding figures of Tsarist Russia were educated there, leaving a deep mark on the history of science, technology and culture of our country.
At the time when Mikhail Alexandrovich was enrolled as a cadet (junker) at the school, the composition of the teachers there was distinguished by advanced socio-political views and high education. In particular, Professor V.K. was a physics teacher for several years. Lebedinsky, a brilliant popularizer of exact natural science. He immediately appreciated the outstanding abilities of Mikhail Alexandrovich, and later fate bound them together for the rest of their lives.
Three years of study at the school left a deep mark on the development and character of Mikhail Alexandrovich. His college friend and close collaborator in scientific and technical work, Pyotr Alekseevich Ostryakov, figuratively talks about them in the biography of Bonch-Bruevich. This biography as a whole, naturally, has a subjective connotation and therefore does not even cover the main points of his creative activity; nevertheless, it is written so captivatingly that we can recommend that the reader turn to its original text without retelling its contents.
In 1909, after graduating from college and being promoted to the rank of second lieutenant, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich was sent to Irkutsk to the engineering troops of the 5th Siberian Engineer Battalion and achieved secondment to the 2nd Siberian Spark Company stationed there. At that time, its commander was Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Alekseevich Leontyev, who later became one of the leading employees of the NRL. He visited Germany at the school of the famous radio specialist Wurtz and became acutely aware of how quickly this, at that time, still new and promising branch of military communications was developing. He tried by all means to provide the officers subordinate to him with the opportunity to improve their qualifications and become familiar with new achievements in this area.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich took full advantage of this favorable environment and began to intensively study physics and mathematics on his own. His first serious experimental work, devoted to the influence of light on a spark discharge, dates back to this time. In 1911, Mikhail Alexandrovich was promoted to the rank of lieutenant and received the right to enter the Officer Electrical Engineering School in St. Petersburg, which was already a higher educational institution. He was enrolled the following year and, having arrived in St. Petersburg, again had the opportunity to renew his close personal connection with prof. VC. Lebedinsky and other prominent specialists.
Mikhail Alexandrovich himself considered 1912 to be the first year of his independent scientific work. In March of the following year, he presented for publication his first work, begun within the walls of the Engineering School under the leadership of V.K. Lebedinsky. The following month, on the recommendation of professors V.K. Lebedinsky, V.F. Mitkevich and M.M. Glagolev, Mikhail Aleksandrovich was elected a member of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society, and his article was published in 1914.
This year, Mikhail Aleksandrovich graduated from an electrical engineering school with a diploma in electrical engineering and was assigned to the powerful military Tashkent spark radio station. However, on August 1, 1914, the first World War; it was necessary to strengthen radio communications with the allies; The construction of powerful transmitting radio stations in Tsarskoye Selo and Moscow, as well as military receiving stations for military and international relations, located at a considerable distance from them, was hastily begun. Mikhail Alexandrovich was appointed assistant to the head of such a hastily built receiving radio station in Tver (now Kalinin).
At that time, Russia's allies, as well as the Germans, were far ahead in terms of technical equipment of Russian military wireless communications, which were based on old-type spark transmitters. They already used undamped oscillations from machines and from arc generators and began to successfully introduce electronic amplifying tubes into the practice of receiving radio signals. Being interested in organizing joint military operations against Germany, they supplied, albeit rather sparingly, these lamps to Russian radio receiving points. At that time, in Tver, the continuous oscillations of French and English long-wave radio stations were received on a ticker (mechanical interrupter) without tube amplification and therefore were forced to use a huge receiving antenna almost a kilometer long, suspended on three masts 110 meters high.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich understood what an exceptional role tube amplification of signals from distant radio stations could play and how necessary it was in this area to quickly free ourselves from foreign dependence.
While still in the laboratories of the Officer School, Mikhail Aleksandrovich tried to obtain permission to experiment with the manufacture of an electron tube on his own, but he was unable to convince the management of the urgent need to carry out this work. At the Tver radio station, taking advantage of his commanding position, he decided, at his own peril and risk, to try to make such a lamp using a homemade method. It was a bold attempt, the success of which experts did not believe: it required special equipment, vacuum technology and the participation of glass blowers of very rare qualifications.
Convinced of the urgent need for an urgent solution to this problem, Mikhail Aleksandrovich is looking for help everywhere, but only from the director of the lighting lamp plant, now the Svetlana plant, K. N. Dobkevich, he finds specific support and receives basic equipment. Mikhail Alexandrovich buys many parts and materials with his modest officer’s salary in stores, on the market and from private individuals. He manages to captivate several fellow officers and even some soldiers with his plans, who often provided him with selfless assistance through their personal labor.
However, he encountered sharp opposition from the head of the Tver radio station, Captain Aristov, and was forced to install the received equipment in his apartment with the help of his orderly A.V. Babkov, who had extraordinary abilities for fine manual work. At least the following can give an idea of the difficulties that had to be overcome then. D.C To rotate the small motor of the vacuum pump, it could only be obtained from a generator that served to charge the batteries, which was driven by a large gasoline engine - in other words, it was necessary to use all the energy resources of the station.
During this difficult time, Mikhail Alexandrovich invariably received significant help and moral support from prof. V.K. Lebedinsky, who firmly believed in the talent of his student and approved of his bold undertakings.
At the beginning of 1915, it was possible to produce the first proprietary vacuum tubes - they were called “cathode relays”. They made it possible to carry out tube reception of foreign radio signals and to develop receiving and amplifying devices. Loud-speaking reception of telegraph signals was soon achieved.
It was truly a brilliant success, especially considering the circumstances in which it was achieved. However, all this prompted the head of the radio station, Captain Aristov, to demand from the high command the urgent detachment and removal of Mikhail Alexandrovich from the station “for violating internal regulations.”
This was, as it were, an omen: Mikhail Alexandrovich repeatedly had to encounter such a negative assessment of his achievements from many governing bodies, and only an inner deep conviction in the correctness of his views and willpower supported him in his firm determination to achieve his goals.
An obvious misunderstanding of the prevailing military situation at that time, expressed in the indicated demand of the head of the radio station, prompted the command to transfer Aristov to another job, appointing in his place a combat officer, Captain V.M. Leshchinsky, who previously served in the Siberian spark companies under the command of I.A. Leontyev.
With the arrival of V. M. Leshchinsky in Tver, Mikhail Alexandrovich received active support. The question of Mikhail Aleksandrovich's urgent business trip to France was immediately raised to study the technology for manufacturing the most advanced so-called "French" high-vacuum vacuum tubes.
By a roundabout route, through Finland, Sweden and England, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich hastily traveled to France and within a month was able to familiarize himself with the basic techniques of radio tube technology. Without delay, he returned with a ready-made program for further work. During this time, V. M. Leshchinskoy officially attracted Professor V. K. Lebedinsky to participate in the scientific work of the Tver station, allocated the necessary three-room premises for experiments and a workshop, selected technical personnel, installed a separate engine, and even obtained permission from the Main Military Technical Directorate (GVTU) financed order for one hundred tube heterodyne receivers with domestic tubes designed by Bonch-Bruevich.
This is how the Tver “freelance laboratory” was born, which became the center of a number of developments and the creation of a broad plan for the development of wireless communications.
In 1916, it began production of both high-vacuum radio tubes and corresponding receiving devices. The industry also began to produce domestic radio tubes and simple radio receiving equipment. These were gas lamps ROBTiT (Russian Society of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony, founded by Eisenstein) of the N.D. Papaleksi system with low vacuum.
By this time, Mikhail Alexandrovich had already managed to study theoretical basis tube reception and physical processes in hollow receiving and amplifying tubes and developed the design of an original heterodyne radio receiver.
The Main Military Technical Directorate instructed M.A. Bonch-Bruevich to prepare for publication a short manual on the “use of cathode relays in radiotelegraph reception” - the first Russian manual on electronics. It was published in 1917.
In the second half of 1916, Colonel A.V. Vodar from the State Technical University attracted Mikhail Aleksandrovich, along with other specialists, to organize the high-frequency department in the new Central Scientific and Technical Laboratory of the Military Department in Petrograd. This allowed us to hope that the work begun in the “freelance laboratory” would gain momentum. In Tver, work did not stop and received significant support from the military command. M.A. Bonch-Bruevich and V.M. Leshchinsky worked simultaneously here and there. The small group of Tver enthusiasts was replenished with Petrograd specialists. Professor V.K. Lebedinsky has always been the ideological inspirer in developing plans for new research and in assessing the results achieved.
This was the state of Mikhail Alexandrovich’s works when the February Revolution occurred. It opened up new prospects for scientific and technical creativity for him and his comrades, posed new tasks and even more clearly confirmed the current significance of the scientific frontiers they had conquered.
That turning point in the life of a career officer, which is inevitably associated with a coup d'etat, left a deep imprint in the mind of Mikhail Alexandrovich. It was necessary to radically reconsider those life problems that seemed to have already been solved before.
The rotten regime of the tsarist government and his own experience of serving in the tsarist army had long ago convinced him of the inevitability of the impending catastrophe, nevertheless, it was not easy for an intelligent person to survive it. However, a strong hope for a bright future for the Russian people and the unanimous election of Mikhail Alexandrovich by the general meeting of the entire radio station staff to his former command position supported him in this Hard time. His subordinates saw his selfless work for the benefit of the Motherland every day and appreciated his sensitive attitude towards people. They sincerely wanted the work begun to be completed. At the same time, the head of the radio station, V. M. Leshchinsky, and the leading officers were elected to their previous positions. This support from junior comrades, which differed so sharply from the attitude of the previous high command, made a strong impression on the young officers. She strengthened their decision to continue the great work they had begun at all costs. Research received a new incentive and moral support for its successful and fruitful completion.
In Tver, a large series (about 3000 pcs.) of hollow-core lamps were manufactured, which later received the name “grandmother”, entirely from domestic materials, a large number of receivers (about 100 pcs.), assembled according to a complex scheme proposed by Mikhail Aleksandrovich, and called “cathode breakers"; He also developed the theory of processes occurring in a vacuum during lamp operation.
Meanwhile, after the transfer of power to the Provisional Government, the high spirits in the group of Tver radio operators began to give way to anxiety. GVTU was reorganized and moved from Petrograd to Moscow; The Central Scientific and Technical Laboratory was closed; there were no new orders; the soldiers were rushing home; supplies gradually ceased - the “freelance laboratory” was on the verge of destruction.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the Soviet government issued a decree on the transfer of all military radio stations with all property, with stocks of materials and instruments to the jurisdiction of People's Commissariat post and telegraphs.
V.I. Lenin became interested in the work of Bonch-Bruevich, who instructed the People's Commissariat for the Postal Service to organize the first Soviet laboratory.
This laboratory, with the direct assistance of V.I. Lenin, was organized in Nizhny Novgorod on December 2, 1918. M.A. was appointed scientific director of the laboratory. Bonch-Bruevich.
During the years of intervention and blockade, when the country was isolated from the outside world, the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory (NRL) became a true forge of radio inventions. Here Mikhail Alexandrovich’s talent unfolded to its full extent. The laboratory gained worldwide fame and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor twice (in 1922 and 1928).
Already in 1918 M.A. Bonch-Bruevich began production of the first Soviet vacuum receiving tubes in the laboratory, began to develop generator and modulator tubes, and in 1920 he manufactured the first 2 kW tube and completed the development of the first radiotelephone transmitter.
On this occasion, Vladimir Ilyich wrote on February 5, 1920 to M.A. Bonch-Bruevich: “I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and sympathy to you for the great work of radio inventions that you are doing. The newspaper without paper and “without distances” that you are creating will be a great thing. I promise to provide you with all possible assistance for this and similar work. WITH best wishes V. Ulyanov (Lenin)".
In the same year, the Council of Labor and Defense instructed the NRL to build a central radio station with a range of two thousand miles.
While working on this task, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich improves the design of generator lamps, develops a 25 kW lamp and builds a twelve-kilowatt radiotelephone transmitter.
These achievements of his were ahead of world radio technology, which at that time did not have either such lamps or radio stations of similar power. Water-cooled generator tubes - the invention of Bonch-Bruevich - were then copied abroad.
The first radio concert was given in 1922 from Nizhny Novgorod.
Since 1923, the Nizhny Novgorod laboratory under the leadership of M.A. Bonch-Bruevich developed a number of new high-power lamps (up to 100 kW), built a 40-kilowatt broadcasting station in Moscow and 27 one-kilowatt broadcasting stations installed in various cities of the Soviet Union.
It is necessary to note the great role of Bonch-Bruevich in the field of short wave technology, where he was also a pioneer and initiator of their use for commercial radio communications, the first to introduce work with “day” and “night” waves, together with V.V. Tatarinov he designed directional antennas, developed their theory.
In 1929, the NRL was transferred to Leningrad and merged with the central radio laboratory of the Trust of Low Current Plants. Subsequently, a number of separate research institutes and laboratories arose on its basis. In Leningrad M.A. Bonch-Bruevich continued his scientific activities. He was elected professor of the Department of Radio Engineering at the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute of Communications, worked on radio communications in the Far North, and conducted research in the field of the ionosphere.
M.A. Bonch-Bruevich wrote and published over 80 scientific papers and books. He has patented and transferred about 60 inventions to industry. Under the leadership of Bonch-Bruevich, in 1932, for the first time in the USSR, the study of the ionosphere by the radio echo method was carried out.
IN last years Throughout his life, Mikhail Alexandrovich was engaged in the practical application of ultrashort waves.
Engineer-inventor and scientist, is the first radio operator of the Soviet Union
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich was born on February 22, 1888 in Orel. In his youth, he became interested in radio engineering and, as an amateur, built a radio transmitter and radio receiver in 1906 according to A. S. Popov’s design. He graduated from the Military Engineering School in St. Petersburg and the Higher Military Electrical Engineering School. In 1914 he began working as an assistant to the head of the Tver receiving radio station. Here he organized a small laboratory in which he manufactured the first domestic vacuum tubes and the first tube receivers.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, V.I. Lenin became interested in the work of Bonch-Bruevich, who instructed the People's Commissariat for the Postal Service to organize the first Soviet laboratory.
This laboratory, with the direct assistance of V.I. Lenin, was organized in Nizhny Novgorod on December 2, 1918. M.A. Bonch-Bruevich was appointed scientific director of the laboratory.
During the years of intervention and blockade, when the country was isolated from the outside world, the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory (NRL) became a true forge of radio inventions. Here Mikhail Alexandrovich’s talent unfolded to its full extent. The laboratory gained worldwide fame and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor twice (in 1922 and 1928).
Already in 1918, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich began production of the first Soviet vacuum receiving tubes in the laboratory, began to develop generator and modulator tubes, and in 1920 he manufactured the first 2 kW lamp and completed the development of the first radiotelephone transmitter.
“I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and sympathy to you for the great work of radio inventions that you are doing. The newspaper without paper and “without distances” that you are creating will be a great thing.
I promise to provide you with all possible assistance in this and similar work.
With best wishes V. Ulyanov (Lenin)."
In the same year, the Council of Labor and Defense instructed the NRL to build a central radio station with a range of two thousand miles.
Working on this task, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich improves the design of generator lamps, develops a 25 kW lamp and builds a twelve-kilowatt radiotelephone transmitter.
These achievements of his were ahead of world radio technology, which at that time did not have either such lamps or radio stations of similar power. Water-cooled generator tubes - the invention of Bonch-Bruevich - were then copied abroad.
The first radio concert was given in 1922 from Nizhny Novgorod.
Since 1923, the Nizhny Novgorod laboratory, under the leadership of M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, developed a number of new high-power lamps (up to 100 kW), built a 40 kW broadcasting station in Moscow and 27 one-kilowatt broadcasting stations installed in various cities of the Soviet Union.
It is necessary to note the great role of Bonch-Bruevich in the field of short wave technology, where he was also a pioneer and initiator of their use for commercial radio communications, the first to introduce work with “day” and “night” waves, together with V.V. Tatarinov he designed directional antennas, developed their theory.
In 1929, the NRL was transferred to Leningrad and merged with the central radio laboratory of the Trust of Low Current Plants. Subsequently, a number of separate research institutes and laboratories arose on its basis. In Leningrad, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich continued his scientific activities. He was elected professor of the Department of Radio Engineering at the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute of Communications, worked on radio communications in the Far North, and conducted research in the field of the ionosphere.
Under the leadership of Bonch-Bruevich, in 1932, for the first time in the USSR, the study of the ionosphere by the radio echo method was carried out.
In the last years of his life, Mikhail Alexandrovich was engaged in the practical application of ultrashort waves.
Vera Mikhailovna Velichkina (September 8, 1868, Moscow - September 30, 1918, Moscow) - Bolshevik, Soviet party leader, writer, writer, doctor, first wife of Vladimir Bonch-Bruevich.
Born into a priest's family in Moscow.
At the age of 17 she graduated from high school in Moscow.
Since 1885, she attended pedagogical courses in Moscow, which she later left, continuing to intensively study the natural sciences at home.
During the famine of 1891-92. worked in the Ryazan province to organize assistance to the hungry in institutions created by L. N. Tolstoy. During this period she was significantly influenced by the ideas of Tolstoy, then became interested in the teachings of the populists Lavrov and Mikhailovsky.
In the second half of 1892, she went to Switzerland and began studying at the Faculty of Medicine in Bern and Zurich.
In Switzerland, she closely communicated with emigrant groups of various directions and studied Russian revolutionary literature.
She contacted the Free Russian Press Foundation in London, in whose leaflets she published material about the circumstances of the arrest and death of teacher E. N. Drozhzhin and the persecution of the Doukhobors.
Velichkina’s revolutionary connections drew the attention of the police to her, and during her arrival in Moscow in the summer of 1894, she was under secret surveillance, and at the time of her return departure she was arrested at the station on October 3, 1894. During a search on the night of October 4 in the Velichkin’s house Illegal literature was selected and a member of the underground organization “People’s Law” M. Sytsyanko-Oslopova, who was illegally living with the Velichkins, was detained.
Velichkina was then brought in, along with her brother Nikolai and sister Klavdia, in the case of members of the People's Law organization N. Flerov and M. Sytsyanko-Oslopova. She was kept in custody until December 12, 1894, after which the case against her was closed by agreement of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Justice based on the manifesto of November 14, 1894.
After prison she lived in the Voronezh province (from late autumn 1895 to spring 1896), engaged in paramedic practice and cultural and educational work among peasants.
At the same time, she periodically came to Moscow, where during 1895-1896. worked in the Social Democratic circle of P.N. Kolokolnikov, together with her brother Nikolai she participated in hectographing and mimeographing illegal literature. While working in a revolutionary circle, she met Vladimir Bonch-Bruevich, married him, and changed her last name to “Bonch-Bruevich.”
In April 1896, she left with Bonch-Bruevich for Switzerland, where they became representatives of the Moscow Workers' Union. Helped the work of the Liberation of Labor group.
In Switzerland in 1896-1898. She completed her medical education at the University of Bern and qualified as a doctor.
In 1899-1900 spent 13 months in Canada among the Doukhobors, helping them settle in new places and serving them as a doctor.
In Switzerland she was engaged in literary work for the Posrednik publishing house.
In 1901, she organized a demonstration in Geneva against the policies of tsarism in front of the Russian consulate. In the fall of 1901, she made an attempt to return to Russia, but was arrested at the border on October 2, 1901 in Verzhbolovo and was imprisoned in St. Petersburg until January 1902 on charges of organizing a demonstration in Geneva directed against the Russian consulate.
After being released from prison, at the end of May 1902 she again went to Geneva. She joined the social democratic organization “Life” and advocated for “Life” to join the “Iskra” line. After the dissolution of the “Life” group at the congress of its members in December 1902, she joined the Iskra-based “Foreign League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy.” During the split, the RSDLP sided with the Bolsheviks. Became a member of the Geneva Bolshevik Group.
Bolshevik representative in the political Red Cross in Geneva.
She attended the second congress of the Foreign League, which she left along with other Bolsheviks after the majority of the congress refused to obey the order of the representative of the Central Committee, Lengnik.
She was an active member of the Geneva Bolshevik group; worked on the expedition of the Central Committee, organized the transportation of party literature to Russia, but in mid-1904, after the agreement of the Central Committee with the Mensheviks, she signed a statement with other expedition workers protesting against this change in the course of his policy and refused to work on the expedition. At the same time she signed the declaration of 22 Bolsheviks.
Participated abroad during 1902-05. in various literary enterprises - in the publication of the social democratic magazine for sectarians “Dawn” (Geneva, 1904), in which she published many articles under the pseudonym “V. Perova” both on issues of current politics and historical ones.
In 1905, she helped the editorial staff of the Bolshevik publications “Forward” and “Proletaria”, translated the works of K. Marx and F. Engels.
On the eve of the revolution of 1905, she prepared for publication a collection of revolutionary songs and poems Before the Dawn, which was published at the end of 1905 in Geneva by the publishing house of the Iskra newspaper.
On the “days of freedom” in 1905, she returned to Russia - to St. Petersburg, where she was soon arrested at the last meeting of the Council of Workers' Deputies, and released after a few months in prison. Later she worked as a member of the editorial board of the Bolshevik publishing house “Forward” until the destruction of the editorial office by the authorities.
Beginning in 1907, Velichkina stood, together with Bonch-Bruevich, at the head of the Marxist publishing house “Life and Knowledge” in St. Petersburg.
During the years of reaction, she did not break ties with the party, participated in the work of the Duma Social Democratic factions, collaborated in Zvezda and Pravda, and assisted comrades who came from abroad, in particular in establishing relations with the working class.
She did a lot of work among the workers as a social worker and as a cultural and educational worker (the workers’ club on Sands “Science”, etc.).
She traveled to the Ufa province to organize food and medical assistance to the starving Tatars and Cheremis. During the First World War, she worked as a doctor at the front for a year and a half.
After February Revolution was the secretary of the editorial board of Izvestia of the Petrograd Soviet, until the forced resignation of the first staff of this editorial board and its transfer to the defencists. She was a member of the editorial board of the magazine “Rabotnitsa”. Member of the Bureau of the Rozhdestvensky District Committee of the RSDLP(b).
During the days of the October Revolution, she worked in the Medical and Sanitary Department of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. After the October Revolution, she led the organization of school and sanitary affairs, heading the corresponding department under the People's Commissariat for Education (formed on her initiative), along with this, she was one of the initiators of the creation of the People's Commissariat of Health and was appointed a member of the first board of the People's Commissariat of Health.
She was one of the doctors who treated V.I. Lenin as the head of the Soviet government.
Together with her husband and all other members of the Soviet government, she moved to Moscow, continued to be a member of the group of doctors treating V.I. Lenin, and provided him with medical care, including after being wounded by F. Kaplan.
During the days of the October armed uprising, one of the active employees of the Military Revolutionary Committee was Vera Mikhailovna Velichkina. A doctor by profession, she worked in the medical and sanitary department, formed detachments of red sisters, and supplied them with medicines and necessary materials.
daughter of priest Mikhail V. († until 1904) and Varvara Mikhailovna. Doctor of Medicine, female doctor at the Prince P. G. Oldenburg Children's Hospital, doctor of the 1st nutritional and dressing detachment of the Red Cross on the Southwestern Front, awarded the St. George Medal of the 4th class. From Jan. 1918 government commissioner of the school and sanitary department of the Commissariat of Public Education, since March 1918 deputy. pres. Council of Medical Colleges in the Council of People's Commissars, since July 1918 member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Health.
Our university is named after the outstanding scientist, Professor Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich. An outstanding teacher, a brilliant scientist, a talented administrator, he devoted his entire life to serving science. St. Petersburg State University of Technology staff and students are proud that the university has perpetuated the name of this wonderful person.
Mikhail Alexandrovich was born on February 21, 1888 in Orel. He graduated from the Kiev Commercial School, the St. Petersburg Nikolaev Military Engineering School, and the Officer Electrical Engineering School.
M.A. Bonch-Bruevich performed his first scientific work on the theory of spark discharge in 1907 - 1914. It was published in the form of two articles in the journal of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society.
With the support of the head of the Tver radio station, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, in the back room of the radio station, he organized a workshop where he was able to organize the production of domestic vacuum tubes. These lamps were used to equip the radio receiver, which was produced in the workshop of the Tver radio station by order of the Main Military-Technical Directorate of the Russian Army.
In the early 20s, research into radiotelephony methods was carried out in the Nizhny Novgorod laboratory under the leadership of M.A. Bonch-Bruevich. On January 15, 1920, the first successful experiment of radiotelephone transmission from Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow was made.
In order to ensure the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars on the creation of a central telegraph station with a range of 2000 miles, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich in 1922 proposed an original design and technical solution for a powerful generator lamp.
Under his leadership, the first powerful radio broadcasting station (Shukhov Tower) was designed and built in Moscow in 1922, which began operating in August 1922 - the Moscow Central Radiotelephone Station, which had a power of 12 kW.
On May 22 and 27, 1922, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich organized test radio broadcasts of musical works from the studio of the Nizhny Novgorod Laboratory, and on September 17, 1922, the first radio broadcast concert in Europe from Moscow was organized.
In 1922, he made a laboratory model of a radio engineering device for transmitting images at a distance, which he called a radio telescope.
In the mid-1920s, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich began researching the use of short radio waves for radio communications. Having made sure that short radio waves are perfect for organizing both radiotelegraph and radiotelephone communications, the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory developed and designed equipment for this type of radio communication. In 1926, based on this equipment, a short-wave communication line between Moscow and Tashkent was put into operation.
Since 1921, he held the position of professor at the Department of Radio Engineering at Nizhny Novgorod University, and since 1922, he was a professor at the Moscow Higher Technical University. Bauman. Scientists have patented and transferred to industry about 60 inventions.
In 1931-1940 M.A. Bonch-Bruevich led pedagogical work at the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute of Communications (LEIS) as a professor in the department of theoretical radio engineering, headed the radio department, and was deputy director of the institute for academic affairs. Since 1931 he was a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1934 he received the title of Doctor of Science. Died on March 7, 1940. In the same year, by Council Resolution people's commissars USSR on June 8, LEIS was named after Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich.
Bonch-Bruevich Mikhail Alexandrovich
Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, radio engineer
Born in the city of Orel. In his youth, he was interested in radio engineering and built a radio transmitter and radio receiver according to the scheme.
He graduated from the Kiev Commercial School, and in 1906 he was enrolled as a cadet at the Nikolaev Engineering School in St. Petersburg. After graduating from college, he served with the rank of second lieutenant in Irkutsk, in the 2nd spark telegraph company of the 5th Siberian engineer battalion.
M. A. Bonch-Bruevich performed his first scientific work on the theory of spark discharge in 1907 - 1914. It was published in the form of two articles in the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.
For this work, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich was awarded the F. F. Petrushevsky Prize. With the rank of lieutenant in 1912, he entered the Officer Electrical Engineering School, after which in 1914 he was appointed assistant head of the Tver military receiving radio station for international relations.
By the highest order of December 25, 1915, Staff Captain Bonch-Bruevich was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree.
With the support of the head of the Tver radio station, staff captain V. M. Leshchinsky, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich organized a workshop in the back room of the radio station, where he was able to organize the production of domestic vacuum tubes. These lamps were used to equip the radio receiver, which was produced in the workshop of the Tver radio station by order of the Main Military-Technical Directorate of the Russian Army.
In 1916, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich manufactured the first cathode lamp in Russia; prepared the first Russian manual on electrical engineering. In 1917, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich published the work “Application of cathode relays in radiotelegraph reception.”
Together with the workshop in August 1918, he moved to Nizhny Novgorod, where he headed scientific and technical work at the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory in 1918 - 1928.
In 1918, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich proposed a circuit of a switching device with two stable operating states, called a “cathode relay.” This device was later called a trigger.
In 1919, at the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory, he made a report, then published in the journal “Radiotechnik” No. 7: “Fundamentals of technical calculation of low-power hollow cathode relays,” which outlined the theory of triode calculation developed by M. A. Bonch-Bruevich, which became the basis of the theory of electronic lamps and later received the name “Bonch-Bruevich-Barkhausen theory”. Under the leadership of M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, in the spring of 1919, serial production of receiving and amplifying lamps was established in Nizhny Novgorod. Up to 1000 lamps were produced per year.
In the early 1920s, research into radiotelephony methods was carried out in the Nizhny Novgorod laboratory under the leadership of M.A. Bonch-Bruevich. On January 15, 1920, the first successful experiment of radiotelephone transmission from Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow was made. In order to ensure the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars on the creation of a central telegraph station with a range of 2000 miles, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich in 1922 proposed an original design and technical solution for a powerful generator lamp.
Under his leadership, the first powerful radio broadcasting station (Shukhov Tower) was designed and built in Moscow in 1922, which began operating in August 1922 - the Moscow Central Radiotelephone Station, which had a power of 12 kW.
On May 22 and 27, 1922, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich organized test radio broadcasts of musical works from the studio of the Nizhny Novgorod Laboratory, and on September 17, 1922, the first radio broadcast concert in Europe from Moscow was organized. In 1922, he made a laboratory model of a radio engineering device for transmitting images at a distance, which he called a radio telescope. On October 5, 1924, Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, at a scientific and technical conversation at the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory, announced a new method of telephony he had invented, based on changing the oscillation period. The demonstration of frequency modulation was carried out on a laboratory model. Continuing to improve generator transmitting radio tubes and seeking to increase their power, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich and his colleagues managed in 1924 to develop and manufacture radio tubes with a power of 100 kW, unique for that time.
At the Scandinavian-Baltic Exhibition, held in Stockholm in 1925, Bonch-Bruevich radio tubes aroused enormous interest among professional visitors to the exhibition. In 1927, under the leadership of M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, employees of the Nizhny Novgorod Laboratory in Moscow put into operation the most powerful 40-kilowatt radio station in Europe at that time, “New Comintern”.
Until 1925, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich headed the department of radio engineering at Nizhny Novgorod University, and in 1926 - 1928 the department of electrical engineering.
In the mid-1920s, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, together with an employee of the Nizhny Novgorod laboratory V.V. Tatarinov, began researching the use of short radio waves for radio communications. Having made sure that short radio waves are perfect for organizing both radiotelegraph and radiotelephone communications, the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory developed and designed equipment for this type of radio communication. In 1926, based on this equipment, a short-wave communication line between Moscow and Tashkent was put into operation.
During this period, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich also took part in the popularization of radio technology. He was the editor of the popular science film Radio, released in 1928.
At the end of 1928, M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, together with a group of scientists and engineers, went to work at the Central Radio Laboratory of the Trust of Low Current Plants in Leningrad. In Leningrad, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich worked on the problems of the propagation of short radio waves in the upper layers of the atmosphere and radar, and taught at the Department of Radio Engineering of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute of Communications.
Professor of the Moscow Higher Technical School (1922), Leningrad Institute of Communications Engineers (1932), Doctor of Technical Sciences.
In 1931, M. A. Bonch-Bruevich was elected corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich died in Leningrad and was buried at the Bogoslovskoye cemetery.
Memory: at house number 5 on Verkhne-Volzhskaya embankment ( Nizhny Novgorod district Nizhny Novgorod) - in the house where the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory was located, where Soviet radio broadcasting was born (now the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory Museum), memorial plaques are installed.