The Council of People's Commissars is the first leader. Creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Need help studying a topic?

Introduction

Chapter 1. Creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

1 History of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars

2 Composition and formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

3 History of the legislative framework of the SNK

Chapter 2. Tasks and powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

1 Powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

2 Activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

3 Transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

Conclusion

Introduction

There is no doubt about the relevance of the chosen topic, since the study of the Soviet model of power, its essence, patterns and features of development has not only Russian, but also global significance. This system of power influenced the entire course of history of the 20th century. And at the same time, this phenomenon causes ongoing controversy in the scientific and public environment.

The complexity and contradictory nature of the development of the Soviet system of power requires the study of political history.

The Soviet state apparatus arose as a result of the revolutionary breakdown of the apparatus of the bourgeois state and was a fundamentally new historical type of state apparatus.

The processes of breaking down the bourgeois state apparatus and creating a new one were interconnected. Soviet state building was characterized by the absolute avoidance of breaks in continuity in the presence of power.

October (November 8), 1917, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the decree “On the establishment of the Council of People’s Commissars,” thus forming the world’s first workers’ and peasants’ government. This decree determined the basis of the legal status of the Soviet government. The practical activities of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) indicated that its powers to a certain extent went beyond the scope of the concept of “government power”, characteristic of a body carrying out subordinate executive and administrative activities. Legally, this was expressed in the publication by the Council of People's Commissars of not only acts government controlled, but also decrees - acts of a legislative nature.

The main place in his activities was occupied by constructive, organizational and creative tasks: building a new, socialist economy, achieving the highest productivity of social labor, comprehensive development of science and culture, communist education of the working people, creating conditions for the most complete satisfaction of their material and cultural needs.

In a broad concept, the Soviet state apparatus consisted of Soviets with their ramifications in the center and locally in the form of economic, cultural, administrative, defense and other bodies and numerous public organizations of workers with their multimillion-dollar assets.

In a narrow concept, it covered the highest and local bodies of state power - the Councils of Working People's Deputies, which created government bodies: in the center - first the Council of People's Commissars, and then the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Councils of Ministers of the union and autonomous republics, as well as ministries and departments; locally - the executive committees of the Soviets and their departments, which deal with the work of industrial enterprises, collective farms, state farms, MTS, direct the development of public utilities, trade, public catering, and take care of the cultural and everyday services of the population.

The subject of the study is the structure of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in interaction with the state structure.

Purpose course work is historical meaning SNK of the USSR.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

.Study the history of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR;

.Determine the place of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Federation in the public administration system;

.Note the legal significance of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in public administration.

Chapter 1. Creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

.1 History of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars

The government of the world's first workers' and peasants' state was first formed as the Council of People's Commissars, which was created on October 26. (November 8) 1917, the day after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, by the resolution of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on the formation of a workers' and peasants' government.

The decree written by V.I. Lenin stated that to govern the country, a Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars, would be established "until the convening of the Constituent Assembly." V.I. Lenin was elected the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, who served in this post for seven years (1917-1924) until his death. Lenin developed the basic principles of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars and the tasks facing the highest bodies of government of the Soviet Republic.

The name “Temporary” disappeared with the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was one-party - it included only Bolsheviks. The proposal to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries to join the Council of People's Commissars was rejected by them. On Dec. In 1917, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries entered the Council of People's Commissars and were in government until March 1918. They left the Council of People's Commissars due to disagreement with the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty and took the position of counter-revolution. Subsequently, the CHK was formed only by representatives of the Communist Party. According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the government of the Republic was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 determined the main functions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The general management of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR belonged to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The composition of the government was approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets or the Congress of Soviets. The Council of People's Commissars had the necessary full rights in the field of executive and administrative activities and, along with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, enjoyed the right to issue decrees. Exercising executive and administrative power, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR supervised the activities of the People's Commissariats and other centers. departments, and also directed and controlled the activities of local authorities.

The Administration of the Council of People's Commissars and the Small Council of People's Commissars were created, which on January 23. (February 5) 1918 became a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for preliminary consideration of issues submitted to the Council of People's Commissars and issues of current legislation for the management of the department of branches of public administration and government. In 1930 the Small Council of People's Commissars was abolished. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 30, 1918, it was established under the leadership. V.I. Lenin Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense 1918-20. In April 1920 it was transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO). The experience of the first SNK was used in the state. construction in all the union soviet socialist republics.

After the unification of the Soviet republics into a single union state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The regulations on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were approved by the Central Executive Committee on November 12, 1923.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR supervised the activities of all-Union and united (union-republic) People's Commissariats, considered and approved decrees and resolutions of all-Union significance within the limits of the rights provided for by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the provisions on the Council of People's Commissars of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and other legislative acts. Decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were binding throughout the entire territory of the USSR and could be suspended and canceled by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its Presidium. For the first time, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by Lenin, was approved at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the regulations on it in 1923, consisted of: chairman, deputy. Chairman, People's Commissar of the USSR; Representatives of the union republics participated in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars with the right of an advisory vote.

According to the Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the USSR. It formed Top. Soviet Council of the USSR. The USSR Constitution of 1936 established the responsibility and accountability of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Top. Council, and in the period between sessions of the Top. Council of the USSR - its Presidium. According to the USSR Constitution of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR united and directed the work of the all-Union and Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR and other households subordinate to it. and cultural institutions, took measures to implement the national economy. plan, state budget, exercised leadership in the field of external relations with foreign states, supervised the general development of the country's armed forces, etc. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right to suspend decisions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics in the branches of management and economics within the competence of the USSR and cancel the orders and instructions of the USSR People's Commissariats. Art. 71 of the USSR Constitution of 1936 established the right of deputy inquiry: a representative of the Council of People's Commissars or the People's Commissar of the USSR, to whom a request from a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR is addressed, is obliged to give an oral or written answer in the appropriate chamber.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, was formed at the 1st session of the Supreme Council. Soviet of the USSR January 19 1938. June 30, 1941 by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme. The Council of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR created the State Defense Committee (GKO), which concentrated all the fullness of state power in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War 1941-45.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic is the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the Union Republic. He is responsible to the Supreme Council of the Republic and is accountable to it, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme. Council - in front of the Presidium Top. The Council of the Republic and the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic are accountable to it, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, issues resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the current laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and is obliged to verify their implementation.

1.2 Composition and formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

An important step towards the adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1924 was the Second Session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, which opened on July 6, 1923.

The Central Executive Committee of the USSR formed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and in its work was responsible to it and its Presidium (Article 37 of the Constitution). The chapters on the highest bodies of the USSR enshrine the unity of legislative and executive power.

To manage the branches of public administration, 10 People's Commissariats of the USSR were created (Chapter 8 of the USSR Constitution of 1924): five all-Union (for foreign affairs, military and naval affairs, foreign trade, communications, posts and telegraphs) and five united (Supreme Council National economy, food, labor, finance and workers' and peasants' inspection). All-Union People's Commissariats had their representatives in the Union republics. The United People's Commissariats exercised leadership on the territory of the Union republics through the people's commissariats of the same name of the republics. In other areas, management was carried out exclusively by the union republics through the corresponding republican people's commissariats: agriculture, internal affairs, justice, education, health care, social security.

The People's Commissariat of the USSR was headed by people's commissars. Their activities combined the principles of collegiality and unity of command. Under the People's Commissar, under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, the members of which were appointed by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The People's Commissar had the right to make decisions individually, bringing them to the attention of the collegium. In case of disagreement, the board or its individual members could appeal the decision of the People's Commissar to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, without suspending the execution of the decision.

The second session approved the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and elected V.I. Lenin as its chairman.

Since V.I. Lenin was ill, the leadership of the Council of People's Commissars was carried out by five of his deputies: L.B. Kamenev, A.I. Rykov, A.D. Tsyurupa, V.Ya. Chubar, M.D. Orakhelashvili. The Ukrainian Chubar was, from July 1923, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine, and the Georgian Orakhelashvili was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the TSFSR, so they performed, first of all, their direct duties. From February 2, 1924, Rykov will become the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Rykov and Tsyurupa were Russian by nationality, and Kamenev was Jewish. Of the five deputies of the Council of People's Commissars, only Orakhelashvili had a higher education, the other four had a secondary education. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the direct successor of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In addition to the chairman and his five deputies, the first Council of People's Commissars of the Union also included 10 people's commissars and the chairman of the OGPU with an advisory vote. Naturally, when selecting the leaders of the Council of People's Commissars, problems arose related to the necessary representation from the union republics.

The formation of the Union People's Commissariats also had its problems. The RSFSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade, Communications, Posts and Telegraphs, and Military and Naval Affairs were transformed into allied ones. The personnel of the People's Commissariats at that time was still formed mainly from former employees of the administrative apparatus and specialists from pre-revolutionary times. For employees who were workers before the revolution in 1921-1922. accounted for only 2.7%, which was explained by the lack of a sufficient number of literate workers. These employees automatically flowed from the Russian People's Commissariats to the Union ones, with a very small number of workers transferred from the national republics.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic is formed by the Supreme Council of the Union Republic, consisting of: the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic; Deputy Chairmen; Chairman of the State Planning Commission; People's Commissars: Food Industry; Light industry; Forestry industry; Agriculture; Grain and livestock state farms; Finance; Domestic trade; Internal Affairs; Justice; Healthcare; Enlightenment; Local industry; Utilities; Social Security; Authorized Procurement Committee; Head of the Department of Arts; Authorized All-Union People's Commissariats.

1.3 History of the legislative framework of the SNK

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

· management of general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37)

· issuing legislative acts and taking measures “necessary for the correct and rapid flow of public life.” (v.38)

The People's Commissar has the right to individually make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel a resolution or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).

17 people's commissariats are created (in the Constitution this figure is indicated erroneously, since in the list presented in Article 43 there are 18 of them).

The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR according to the Constitution of the RSFSR<#"justify">· on foreign affairs;

· on military affairs;

· on maritime affairs;

· for internal affairs;

· Justice;

· labor;

· social security;

· education;

· Posts and telegraphs;

· on nationalities affairs;

· for financial matters;

· communication routes;

· agriculture;

· trade and industry;

· food;

· Supreme Council of the National Economy;

· healthcare.

At every people's commissar and under his chairmanship a collegium is formed, the members of which are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922<#"justify">· domestic trade;

· labor

· finance

· RCT

· internal affairs

· justice

· enlightenment

· health

· agriculture

· social security

· VSNKh

With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937<#"justify">· Food Industry

· light industry

· forestry industry

· agriculture

· grain state farms

· livestock farms

· finance

· domestic trade

· justice

· health

· enlightenment

· local industry

· utilities

· social security

Also included in the Council of People's Commissars is the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

Chapter 2. Tasks and powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

.1 Powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic issues decrees and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the current laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, decrees and orders of the Council of Non-Native Commissars of the USSR and verifies their implementation.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic has the right to suspend decisions and orders of the Councils of People's Commissars of autonomous republics and to cancel decisions and orders of executive committees of councils of deputies of working people of territories, regions and autonomous regions.

The People's Commissars of the Union Republic direct the branches of government administration that fall within the competence of the Union Republic.

The People's Commissars of the Union Republic issue, within the competence of the relevant People's Commissariats, orders and instructions on the basis of and in pursuance of the laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, decrees and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Union Republic, orders and instructions of the Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR.

The People's Commissariats of the Union Republic are union-republican or republican.

The Union-Republican People's Commissariats manage the branch of government entrusted to them, subordinate to both the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic and the corresponding Union-Republican People's Commissariat of the USSR.

Republican People's Commissariats manage the branch of public administration entrusted to them, reporting directly to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic.

The most important task of the Council of People's Commissars then was to revive economic life. During the Civil War, labor discipline decreased noticeably and absenteeism reached 30-40%, labor intensity and productivity fell by about 10-15% compared to 1913, and real wages decreased. The entire amount of wages on average in the RSFSR in 1919-1921. was 38-40% of the pre-war level. However, from 1922 it began to increase and in the spring of 1923 it reached 60%.

In the early 20s. Nevertheless, the restoration of the national economy proceeded at a fairly significant pace. In one of his speeches in December 1923, A.I. Rykov noted a noticeable growth in industry. If 1920 was taken as 100% for this indicator, then 1921-119%, 1922-146%, and 1923-216%. However, in 1923, compared to 1913, the volume of industrial production was only 40.3%, and agricultural production - 75%. The main thing in union construction, of course, depended on economic success.

Meanwhile, work to further continue this construction did not stop. In August 1923, the first meeting of the chairmen of the Councils of People's Commissars of the Union Republics took place, and on September 29 of the same year, the second. The commission of the USSR Central Executive Committee for the preparation of regulations on the USSR Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the People's Commissariats of the USSR met on August 21, September 13, October 22, 23 and 24. Back on August 24, 1923, the Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee approved the order of the day for the third session of the USSR Central Executive Committee, the work of which opened on November 6 and ended on November 12 of the same year. All representatives of the Central Executive Committee of the union republics made their reports, and in parallel, work was going on in the commissions that prepared the decisions of this session. A significant amount of work was done by the commission, which was entrusted with developing regulations on the central authorities of the USSR, taking into account amendments proposed by the union republics to the projects submitted for approval to the session. A lively exchange of views took place, for example, in the Commission that was developing the “Regulations on the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.” Not everyone agreed with the bicameral system, since some considered the creation of the Council of Nationalities unnecessary and advocated for simplifying the work of the sessions of the USSR Central Executive Committee. The “Regulations on the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics” was adopted on November 12, 1923 and consisted of ten chapters, in turn subdivided for 79 paragraphs. It provided for both regular and extraordinary sessions of the USSR Central Executive Committee, and regular sessions were to be convened three times a year. Special chapters were devoted to the Union Council, the Council of Nationalities and the Conciliation Commission, in case of possible disagreements between them. Joint meetings of both chambers were also envisaged, to which a separate chapter was also devoted. The functions of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR were described in detail. Among other things, it also provided for the following: “The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR issues decrees, resolutions and orders, reviews and approves draft decrees and resolutions submitted by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, individual departments of the USSR, central executive committees of the union republics and their presidiums and other authorities."

The Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee also received the right to cancel decisions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the right of amnesty, the right of pardon, etc. The relationship between the Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee and state institutions and departments was to be carried out by the Chairman and Secretary of the USSR Central Executive Committee. At the same time, the entire secretarial and technical apparatus of the USSR Central Executive Committee was to be under the authority and under the leadership of the Secretary of the USSR Central Executive Committee. On the same day, November 12, regulations were adopted on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and on the people's commissariats of the USSR. When discussing the provisions on the Council of People's Commissars, when the turn came to the paragraph on the commissions created by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, in particular on the Commission of Legislative Assumptions, the Administrative and Financial Commission and others, an addition was made, by virtue of which all commissions under the Council of People's Commissars and the STO that had administrative and administrative rights , representatives of the union republics were to be included with the right of casting vote.

By virtue of the provisions on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, this body was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. The Council of People's Commissars, in addition to the chairman and his deputies, included people's commissars for foreign affairs, military and naval affairs, foreign trade, communications, post and telegraphs, workers' and peasants' inspection, labor, food, finance and the chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy. Representatives of the Union republics, including the chairmen of the Councils of People's Commissars of the Union republics, could participate with an advisory voice, along with representatives of some other bodies. The jurisdiction of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR also included “the resolution of disagreements between the councils of people's commissars of the union republics on issues within the competence of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as disagreements both between the people's commissars of the USSR, and between the latter and the councils of people's commissars of the union republics." The Central Executive Committees of the Union republics, their presidiums and republican Councils of People's Commissars also had the right to submit issues for consideration by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

The “General Regulations on the People's Commissariats of the USSR,” also adopted on November 12, provided for the creation of two types of commissariats - all-Union, that is, common for the entire USSR, and united. The all-Union commissariats included: foreign affairs, military and naval affairs, foreign trade, communications, posts and telegraphs; to the united: Supreme Council of National Economy, Food, Labor, Finance, Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate. This “General Provision” provided for the drawing up of its own special provisions for each commissariat, subject to approval by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. It provided for the suspension by the Central Executive Committees of the union republics or their presidiums of those orders of the people's commissariats of the USSR that did not comply with the Constitution of the USSR, the legislation of the Union or the legislation of the union republic.

All-Union commissariats received the right to have their own authorized representatives directly subordinate to them under the Union republics. These commissioners were nominated by the USSR Commissariat directly or at the proposal of the Central Executive Committee of the union republic and were subject to approval by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Moreover, for all nominated candidates, it was mandatory to recall the Central Executive Committee of the union republic, which had the right to challenge the appointed commissioner. These representatives of the all-Union People's Commissariats were to be included in the Councils of People's Commissars of the Union Republics with an advisory or casting vote in accordance with the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Union Republic or its Presidium. The orders of the all-Union commissariats were mandatory for direct execution throughout the entire territory of the USSR. The United Commissariats of the USSR had to carry out all their tasks and directives through the People's Commissariats of the Union Republics of the same name. The heads of the commissariats of the same name of the union republics were subject to appointment and recall by the Central Executive Committees of the union republics.

2.2 Activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

The activities of the Council of People's Commissars were expressed in the struggle for the dictatorship of the proletariat, the creation of a new system of state apparatus, and the publication of decrees and resolutions. The Council of People's Commissars issued a huge number of decrees and resolutions. They covered all sectors of political and state life, formalizing the class struggle, its gains, clearing the ground for the construction of socialism.

The Council of People's Commissars met almost daily, approving several decrees and resolutions a day. There were days when a dozen decrees were adopted. Let's give a few examples.

On December 20, 1938, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR established labor books. This “crust” - the work book (LC) - was the most important element of the Soviet administrative-command system. The first work books appeared a year after the revolution. The Bolsheviks abolished the royal passports and introduced their own identity cards. The decree of October 5, 1918 was eloquently called: “On work books for non-working people.”

The alternative to labor conscription was either a revolutionary tribunal, which was guided by the “dictations of the revolutionary conscience,” or starvation without rations.

On June 25, 1919, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee introduced universal registration: everyone who had reached the age of 16 received a work book. On the first page there was a reminder: “He who does not work, let him not eat.” Even Lenin received such a document.

In September 1926, the Council of People's Commissars introduced "Labor Lists". Now this document was intended to record Soviet employees. The employee’s nationality, social status, party affiliation, and even military registration were recorded.

Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the protection of the property of state enterprises, collective farms and cooperation and the strengthening of public property.

Recently, complaints from workers and collective farmers about theft (theft) of cargo on railway and water transport and theft (theft) of cooperative and collective farm property by hooligans and generally anti-social elements have become more frequent. Likewise, complaints about violence and threats from kulak elements against collective farmers who do not want to leave the collective farms and who are honestly and selflessly working to strengthen the latter have become more frequent.

The Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR believe that public property (state, collective farm, cooperative) is the basis of the Soviet system, it is sacred and inviolable, and people who encroach on public property should be considered as enemies of the people, which is why a decisive struggle dealing with plunderers of public property is the primary responsibility of the Soviet authorities.

Based on these considerations and meeting the demands of workers and collective farmers, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decide:

Equate the importance of cargo on railway and water transport to state property and strengthen the security of these cargo in every possible way.

Apply capital punishment as a measure of judicial repression for theft of goods on railway and water transport social protection- execution by execution with confiscation of all property and, under extenuating circumstances, replacement with imprisonment for a term of at least 10 years with confiscation of property.

Do not apply amnesty to criminals convicted in cases of cargo theft in transport.

Equate the value of the property of collective farms and cooperatives (harvest in the fields, public reserves, livestock, cooperative warehouses and stores, etc.) with state property and strengthen in every possible way the protection of this property from theft.

To apply as a measure of judicial repression for theft (theft) of collective farm and cooperative property the highest measure of social protection - execution with confiscation of all property and, in mitigating circumstances, replacement with imprisonment for a term of at least 10 years with confiscation of all property.

Do not apply amnesty to criminals convicted in cases of theft of collective farm and cooperative property.

Conduct a decisive struggle against those anti-social kulak-capitalist elements who use violence and threats or advocate the use of violence and threats against collective farmers in order to force the latter to leave the collective farm, with the aim of violently destroying the collective farm. Equate these crimes to state crimes.

Use imprisonment from 5 to 10 years with imprisonment in a concentration camp as a measure of judicial repression in cases of protecting collective farms and collective farmers from violence and threats from kulak and other anti-social elements.

Do not apply amnesty to criminals convicted in these cases.

1932, June 25, Resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR On Revolutionary Legality.

Noting the decade of organization of the prosecutor's office and the successes achieved during this period in the USSR in strengthening revolutionary legality, which is one of the most important means of strengthening the proletarian dictatorship, protecting the interests of workers and working peasants and fighting the class enemies of the working people (kulaks, speculators, bourgeois saboteurs) and their counter-revolutionary political agents, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR specifically point out that there are still a significant number of violations of revolutionary legality by officials and distortions in the practice of its implementation, especially in the countryside.

In order to ensure the most favorable conditions for the socialist reorganization of agriculture, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decide:

In areas of complete collectivization, abolish the law on allowing land leases and on the use of hired labor in individual peasant farms (Sections VII and VIII of the general principles of land use and land management).

Exceptions to this rule in relation to middle peasant farms are regulated by district executive committees under the leadership and control of district executive committees.

Grant the regional (regional) executive committees and governments of the autonomous republics the right to apply all necessary measures fight against the kulaks up to the complete confiscation of the property of the kulaks and their eviction from certain districts and territories (regions).

The confiscated property of kulak farms, with the exception of that part that goes to repay the obligations (debts) owed by the kulaks to state and cooperative bodies, must be transferred to the indivisible funds of collective farms as a contribution from the poor and farm laborers joining the collective farm.

Invite the governments of the union republics, in furtherance of this resolution, to give the necessary instructions to the regional (regional) executive committees and governments of the autonomous republics.

In the “year of the great turning point,” September 24, 1929, a decree of the Council of People’s Commissars was issued, canceling all holidays except November 7 and May 1.

2.3 Transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR is the highest executive and administrative body of state power<#"justify">Conclusion

In conclusion of this work, it should be noted that in the 1920s, public administration was in a state of dynamic evolution. This means development on its own basis, when the essential features of the developing system, i.e. being at the stage of formation, they were defined, but did not have a frozen character.

Coverage of the post-October history of public administration in Russia is based, first of all, on the characteristics of the qualities and features of the Soviet state system, its structure, goals and methods of management in the process of their formation and evolution.

The structure of Soviet government is based on the decrees of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, where the system of government and management bodies is defined as follows: The All-Russian Congress of Soviets is the supreme body of state power; All-Russian Central Executive Committee is the executive body of the congress and the bearer of supreme power in the period between congresses; SNK - workers' and peasants' government, executive and administrative body; people's commissariats (commissions) - central governing bodies of individual sectors of state life; Local councils are local bodies of state power and administration.

The highest executive and administrative body according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 was the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Its composition was not constant. Representatives of the Union republics, members of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, representatives of some committees and departments under the government (OGPU, Central Statistical Office, etc.), and heads of government of the Union republics participated in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR with the right of an advisory vote. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR actually issued decrees and resolutions that had the force of law, and from the beginning of the 30s, all bills had to be previously submitted for its consideration, although this was not provided for by the Constitution.

The USSR Constitution of 1936 introduced significant changes to the system of supreme bodies of power and administration, and to the electoral system. The USSR Constitution of 1936 is a very controversial document. On the one hand, it consolidated the rejection of multi-stage elections, established universal suffrage, direct and equal elections by secret ballot. On the other hand, having formally confirmed the federal nature of the state, it actually consolidated its unitary character, giving almost unlimited powers to the federal “center”. In a certain sense, it was more democratic than the Constitution of 1918, and at the same time it became a cover for uncompromising reaction and a regime of personal power.

In December 1936, the People's Commissariat of Defense Industry was separated from the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. In 1937, the People's Commissariat of Mechanical Engineering was formed. In 1939, the People's Commissariat of the Coal and Oil Industry and the People's Commissariat of Power Plants and Electrical Industry were created.

To improve the management of farms by the People's Commissariats in April 1940. 6 economic councils were created under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR: for metallurgy and chemistry, for mechanical engineering, for the defense industry for fuel, electrical equipment, etc.

February 1941 The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, guided by the decisions of the XVIII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, instructed the State Planning Committee of the USSR to begin drawing up a general economic plan for the USSR for 15 years, designed to solve the main economic problem - to catch up with the main capitalist countries in production per capita.

In connection with the increased volume of work of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in 1937, an economic council was created to assist it, which acted as a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars. The Council considered annual and quarterly national economic plans and submitted them for approval by the Council of People's Commissars, monitored the implementation of plans, and became familiar with the situation of individual sectors of the national economy. , took measures to improve their work, etc.

He had the right to issue decrees and orders binding on all People's Commissariats of the USSR. Thus, in the organization of management of the national economy, a course towards strengthening all-Union principles is visible.

By the law of March 15, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

council people's commissar state

List of used literature

1.Vert N. History of the Soviet state. 1900-1991. M., 1999. pp. 130-131.

2. Evgeny Guslyarov. Lenin in life. A systematized collection of memoirs of contemporaries, documents of the era, versions of historians , OLMA-PRESS, 2004, ISBN: 5948501914.

Oleg Platonov. History of the Russian people in the 20th century. Volume 1 (ch. 39-81).

Gimpelson E. G. Soviet managers. 20s. (Leading personnel of the USSR state apparatus). M., 2001, p. 94.

Munchaev Sh.M. National history. 2008. //

Supreme bodies of state power and central government bodies of the RSFSR (1917-1967). Directory (based on materials from state archives)" (prepared by the Central State Administration of the RSFSR), ch. Section I "Government of the RSFSR".

.“Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR” (adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918).

Shamarov V. M. Formation and development of legal and organizational foundations. M., 2007. P. 218.

Zhukov V., Eskov G., Pavlov V. History of Russia. Tutorial. M., 2008. P. 283.

Shipunov F. The Truth of Great Russia. M., 2007. P. 420.

The USSR Constitution of 1936 “formally met the best world standards of that time.” Political history of Russia / Rep. ed. V.V. Zhuravlev. M., 2008. P. 530.

Borisov S. Honor as a phenomenon of Russian political consciousness. St. Petersburg, 2006. P. 183.

Of the 15 first Soviet people's commissars, nine became victims of the Great Terror.

The Council of People's Commissars is the Russian government headed by V.I. Lenin. December 1917-January 1918.

The first government after the victory of the October Revolution was formed in accordance with the “Decree on the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars”, adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27 (old style) 1917.

Initially, the Bolsheviks hoped to agree on the participation of representatives of other socialist parties, in particular the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, in it, but they failed to achieve such an agreement. As a result, the first revolutionary government turned out to be purely Bolshevik.

The authorship of the term “people's commissar” was attributed to several revolutionary figures, in particular Leon Trotsky. The Bolsheviks wanted in this way to emphasize the fundamental difference between their power and the tsarist and Provisional governments.

The term “Council of People's Commissars” as a definition of the Soviet government will exist until 1946, until it is replaced by the now more familiar “Council of Ministers”.

The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars will last only a few days. A number of its members will resign from their posts due to political contradictions, mainly related to the same issue of participation in the government of members of other socialist parties.

The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars included:

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin);

People's Commissar for Internal Affairs Alexey Rykov;

People's Commissar of Agriculture Vladimir Milyutin;

People's Commissar of Labor Alexander Shlyapnikov;

People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - a committee consisting of: Vladimir Ovseenko (Antonov), Nikolai Krylenko and Pavel Dybenko;

People's Commissar for Trade and Industry Viktor Nogin;

People's Commissar of Public Education Anatoly Lunacharsky;

People's Commissar of Finance Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov);

People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Lev Bronstein (Trotsky);

People's Commissar of Justice Georgy Oppokov (Lomov);

People's Commissar for Food Affairs Ivan Teodorovich;

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Nikolai Avilov (Glebov);

People's Commissar for Nationalities Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin);

The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remained temporarily unfilled.

The biographies of the head of the first Soviet government, Vladimir Lenin, and the first People's Commissar for Nationalities, Joseph Stalin, are known to the general public quite well, so let's talk about the rest of the People's Commissars.

Alexey Rykov

The first People's Commissar of Internal Affairs spent only nine days in his post, but managed to sign a historical document on the creation of the police. After leaving the post of People's Commissar, Rykov went to work for the Moscow Soviet.

Alexey Rykov

Subsequently, Alexey Rykov held high government positions, and from February 1924 he officially headed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

Rykov's career began to decline in 1930, when he was removed from his post as head of government. Rykov, who had long supported Nikolai Bukharin, was declared a “right-wing deviationist,” and was never able to get rid of this stigma, despite numerous speeches of repentance.

At the party plenum in February 1937, he was expelled from the CPSU (b) and arrested on February 27, 1937. During interrogations he pleaded guilty. As one of the main accused, he was brought to the open trial in the case of the Right-Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Bloc. On March 13, 1938, he was sentenced to death and executed on March 15. Rykov was completely rehabilitated by the Main Military Prosecutor's Office of the USSR in 1988.

Vladimir Milyutin

Nine days after the creation of the first Soviet government, Milyutin spoke out for the creation of a coalition government and, in protest against the decision of the Central Committee, submitted a statement of resignation from the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, after which he admitted the fallacy of his statements and withdrew his statement of resignation from the Central Committee.

Vladimir Milyutin

Subsequently, he held high positions in the government, from 1928 to 1934 he was Deputy Chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee.

On July 26, 1937 he was arrested. On October 29, 1937, he was sentenced to death for belonging to a counter-revolutionary organization of the “right.” On October 30, 1937 he was shot. Rehabilitated in 1956.

Alexander Shlyapnikov

Shlyapnikov also advocated the inclusion of members of other political parties in the government, however, unlike his colleagues, he did not leave his post, continuing to work in the government. Three weeks later, in addition to the duties of People's Commissar of Labor, he was also assigned the duties of People's Commissar of Trade and Industry.

Alexander Shlyapnikov

In the Bolshevik Party, Shlyapnikov was the leader of the so-called “workers’ opposition,” which manifested itself especially clearly in the party discussion about the role of trade unions. He believed that the task of the trade unions was to organize the management of the national economy, and they should take this function from the party.

Shlyapnikov's position was sharply criticized by Lenin, which affected the further fate of one of the first Soviet people's commissars.

Subsequently, he held secondary positions, for example, he worked as chairman of the board of the Metalloimport joint-stock company.

Shlyapnikov’s memoirs “The Seventeenth Year” aroused sharp criticism in the party. In 1933, he was expelled from the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), in 1934 he was administratively exiled to Karelia, and in 1935 he was sentenced to 5 years for belonging to the “workers’ opposition” - a punishment replaced by exile to Astrakhan.

In 1936, Shlyapnikov was arrested again. He was accused of the fact that, as the leader of the counter-revolutionary organization "Workers' Opposition", in the fall of 1927 he gave a directive to the Kharkov center of this organization on the transition to individual terror as a method of struggle against the CPSU (b) and the Soviet government, and in 1935-1936 he gave directives on the preparation of a terrorist act against Stalin. Shlyapnikov did not admit guilt, but according to the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was shot on September 2, 1937. On January 31, 1963, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR rehabilitated Alexander Shlyapnikov for the absence of corpus delicti in his actions.

The fate of the members of the triumvirate who headed the defense department was quite similar - they all occupied high government positions for many years, and they all became victims of the “Great Terror.”

Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, Nikolai Krylenko, Pavel Dybenko

Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, who arrested the Provisional Government during the armed uprising in Petrograd, was one of the founders of the Red Army, spent many years in diplomatic work, during the Civil War in Spain he was the Consul General of the USSR in Barcelona, providing great assistance to the Republican troops as a military adviser .

Upon his return from Spain, he was arrested and sentenced to death on February 8, 1938 “for belonging to a Trotskyist terrorist and espionage organization.” Shot on February 10, 1938. Rehabilitated posthumously on February 25, 1956.

Nikolai Krylenko was one of the creators of Soviet law, held the posts of People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR and the USSR, prosecutor of the RSFSR and chairman of the Supreme Court of the USSR.

Krylenko is considered one of the “architects of the Great Terror” of 1937-1938. Ironically, Krylenko himself became its victim.

In 1938, at the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Krylenko was criticized. Soon after this, he was removed from all posts, expelled from the CPSU(b) and arrested. According to the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was executed on July 29, 1938. In 1956 he was rehabilitated for lack of evidence of a crime.

Pavel Dybenko made a military career, held the rank of army commander of the 2nd rank, and commanded troops in various military districts. In 1937, he took an active part in repressions in the army. Dybenko was part of the Special Judicial Presence that convicted a group of senior Soviet military commanders in the “Tukhachevsky Case” in June 1937.

In February 1938, Dybenko himself was arrested. He pleaded guilty to participating in an anti-Soviet Trotskyist military-fascist conspiracy. On July 29, 1938, he was sentenced to death and executed on the same day. Rehabilitated in 1956.

Victor Nogin

Advocating for the creation of a “homogeneous socialist government,” Nogin was among those who left the Council of People’s Commissars a few days later. However, after three weeks, Nogin “admitted his mistakes” and continued to work in leadership positions, but at a lower level. He held the posts of Labor Commissioner of the Moscow Region, and then Deputy People's Commissar of Labor of the RSFSR.

Victor Nogin

He died on May 2, 1924, and was buried on Red Square. The name of one of the first Soviet People's Commissars is immortalized to this day in the name of the city of Noginsk near Moscow.

Anatoly Lunacharsky

The People's Commissar of Education was one of the most stable figures in the Soviet government, holding his post continuously for 12 years.

Anatoly Lunacharsky

Thanks to Lunacharsky, many historical monuments were preserved and the activities of cultural institutions were established. There were, however, very controversial decisions - in particular, already at the end of his career as People's Commissar, Lunacharsky was preparing to translate the Russian language into the Latin alphabet.

In 1929, he was removed from the post of People's Commissar of Education and appointed chairman of the Academic Committee of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

In 1933, Lunacharsky was sent as USSR plenipotentiary envoy to Spain. He was deputy head of the Soviet delegation during the disarmament conference at the League of Nations. Lunacharsky died in December 1933 on his way to Spain in the French resort of Menton. The urn with the ashes of Anatoly Lunacharsky is buried in the Kremlin wall.

Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov)

At the time of his appointment as People's Commissar, Skvortsov served as a member of the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee. Upon learning of his appointment, Skvortsov announced that he was a theorist, not a practitioner, and refused the position. Later he was engaged in journalism, since 1925 he was the executive editor of the newspaper “Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee”, since 1927 - deputy. executive secretary of the newspaper "Pravda", at the same time since 1926, director of the Lenin Institute under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov)

In the party press, Skvortsov spoke as an active supporter of Stalin, but did not reach the highest government posts - on October 8, 1928, he died of a serious illness. The ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall.

Lev Bronstein (Trotsky)

One of the main leaders of the Bolsheviks, the second person in the party after Lenin, completely lost in the internal party struggle in the 1920s, and in 1929 was forced to leave the USSR as a political emigrant.

Lev Bronstein (Trotsky)

Trotsky continued his correspondence confrontation with Stalin's course until 1940, until it was interrupted in August 1940 by an ice pick blow from NKVD agent Ramon Mercader.

Georgy Oppokov (Lomov)

For Georgy Oppokov, serving as People's Commissar for several days became the pinnacle of his political career. Subsequently, he continued his activities in secondary positions, such as chairman of the Oil Syndicate, chairman of the board of Donugol, deputy chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, member of the bureau of the Commission of Soviet Control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

Georgy Oppokov (Lomov)

In June 1937, as part of the “Great Terror”, Oppokov was arrested and, according to the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, was executed on December 30, 1938. Posthumously rehabilitated in 1956.

Ivan Teodorovich

Like other supporters of creating a government from among members of various socialist parties, Teodorovic announced his resignation from the government, but fulfilled his duties until December 1917.

Ivan Teodorovich

Later he was a member of the board of the People's Commissar of Agriculture, and since 1922, deputy people's commissar of agriculture. In 1928-1930, General Secretary of the Peasant International.

Arrested on June 11, 1937. Sentenced by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 20, 1937 on charges of participation in an anti-Soviet terrorist organization to death and executed on the same day. Rehabilitated in 1956.

Nikolay Avilov (Glebov)

Avilov held his post until the decision to create a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, after which he changed the post of People's Commissar to the post of assistant director of the State Bank. Later he held various positions of the second rank, and was the People's Commissar of Labor of Ukraine. From 1923 to 1926, Avilov was the leader of the Leningrad trade unions and became one of the leaders of the so-called “Leningrad opposition,” which ten years later became fatal for him.

Nikolay Avilov (Glebov)

Since 1928, Avilov headed Selmashstroy, and since 1929 he became the first director of the Rostov agricultural machinery plant Rostselmash.

On September 19, 1936, Nikolai Avilov was arrested on charges of terrorist activities. On March 12, 1937, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced him to death on charges of participation in a counter-revolutionary terrorist organization. The sentence was carried out on March 13, 1937. Rehabilitated in 1956.

Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR

management of general affairs of the RSFSR

management of individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37)

The People's Commissar had the right to individually make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat headed by him, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

Introduction

The complexity and contradictory nature of the development of the Soviet system of power requires the study of political history.

The Soviet state apparatus arose as a result of the revolutionary breakdown of the apparatus of the bourgeois state and was a fundamentally new historical type of state apparatus.

The state apparatus is a system of bodies that practically exercise state power and functions of the state.

The state apparatus is often understood as a set of executive (administrative) authorities that carry out the day-to-day work of government. The activity of the state apparatus, its structure, functions and methods most specifically reveals the class essence of a given state and its historical role.

The purpose of the course work is to study the history of the formation of the first Soviet government.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Consider the activities of the highest authorities after the overthrow of the Provisional Government.

Describe the history of the creation of the Soviet state apparatus.

Consider the activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR using the example of the “Red Terror”.

1. Creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

.1 General information

The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "" adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917.

The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed by Trotsky:

Power in St. Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.

What should I call it? - Lenin reasoned out loud. Just not ministers: this is a vile, worn-out name.

It could be commissioners, I suggested, but now there are too many commissioners. Perhaps high commissioners? No, “supreme” sounds bad. Is it possible to say “folk”?

People's Commissars? Well, that'll probably do. What about the government as a whole?

Council of People's Commissars?

The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin picked up, is excellent: it smells terrible of revolution.

According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The Council of People's Commissars was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees having the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions.

The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918.

Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, and representatives of departments.

The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration, which prepared issues for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing commissions, and received delegations. The administrative staff in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (according to data from the Central State Archive of the Russian Federation of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, pp. 19 - 20.)

The Bolsheviks approached the issue of creating the Soviet government from a class position, from the point of view of establishing and implementing the dictatorship of the proletariat. Representatives of the bourgeoisie could not have a place in the Soviet government. This position was emphasized by V.I. Lenin in a report on the tasks of Soviet power at a meeting of the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on October 25, 1917. “First of all,” said V.I. Lenin, - the significance of this revolution is that we will have a Soviet government, our own body of power, without any participation of the bourgeoisie. The oppressed masses will create power themselves.”

On the morning of October 25, 1917, the Military Revolutionary Committee issued an appeal in which the creation of the Soviet government was put forward as one of the top priorities in organizing a new, socialist government. The issue of the formation of the Soviet government was to be dealt with directly by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the participation of representatives of the district and provincial Soviets of Peasants' Deputies.

Moving on to the consideration of issues on the order of the day, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on the night of October 26 adopted, by a majority vote of two against, with twelve abstentions, an appeal to workers, soldiers and peasants. The provisions enshrined in the appeal were a program for the future Soviet government. They served as the basis for deciding the composition of the government. The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets was to form a government that could successfully implement the decisions of the Congress of Soviets.

The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on the night of October 27, 1917 overwhelmingly accepted what V.I. Lenin's resolution "On the formation of a workers' and peasants' government." It was the most important constitutional act of the Soviet socialist state. With this resolution, the Congress of Soviets established a system of central bodies of the Soviet state, created the first Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) and determined the most important principles of the organization and activities of the government.

“The Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and is formed by the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consisting of:

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;

deputy chairmen;

People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs;

People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs;

People's Commissar for Foreign Trade;

People's Commissar of Railways;

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs;

People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate;

Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy;

People's Commissar of Labor;

People's Commissar for Food;

People's Commissar of Finance.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, within the limits of the rights granted to it by the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and on the basis of the Regulations on the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, issues decrees and resolutions that are binding throughout the territory of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics considers decrees and resolutions introduced both by individual people's commissariats of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and by the central executive committees of the union republics and their presidiums.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is responsible in all its work to the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and its Presidium.

Resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics may be suspended and canceled by the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and its Presidium.

The central executive committees of the union republics and their presidiums protest the decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, without suspending their execution."

Initially, the Council of People's Commissars consisted of 15 persons: the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, 10 people's commissars for certain branches of government (internal affairs, agriculture, labor, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, post and telegraph, food affairs), three members of the Committee on Military and Naval Affairs and the chairman of the Committee on Nationalities. V.I. was approved as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Lenin. V.A. was approved as members of the Soviet government. Antonov-Ovseenko, N.V. Krylenko, P.E. Dybenko, I.V. Stalin, A.V. Lunacharsky and others.

As part of the Council of People's Commissars, the post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was temporarily left unfilled due to Vikzhel's intervention in the affairs of the Department of Railways. The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, having temporarily postponed the decision on the appointment of a people's commissar for railway affairs, addressed all railway workers with an appeal, which expressed confidence that railway workers and employees would take measures to maintain order in the area. railways and ensure the delivery of food to cities and to the front. The Congress of Soviets stated that representatives of railway workers would be involved in the management of the department of railways.

The Council of People's Commissars created by the congress was a body that expressed the genuine interests of the working class and the working peasantry. Therefore, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets called the Council of People's Commissars a workers' and peasants' government.

The Congress of Soviets called the workers' and peasants' government temporary. P.I. Stuchka considered this name to be the result of an oversight made “in a hurry.” These statements by P.I. The knocks are incorrect. The name of the Council of People's Commissars as a provisional government was associated with the upcoming convening of the Constituent Assembly. Since the Congress of Soviets recognized the need to convene a Constituent Assembly, until the convening of this assembly, the Soviet government should be called provisional.

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers.

1.2 The legislative framework Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR

People's Commissar Council of Terror

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

· management of general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37)

· issuing legislative acts and taking measures “necessary for the correct and rapid flow of public life.” (v. 38)

The People's Commissar has the right to individually make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

17 people's commissariats are created (in the Constitution this figure is indicated erroneously, since in the list presented in Article 43 there are 18 of them).

· on foreign affairs;

· on military affairs;

· on maritime affairs;

· for internal affairs;

·justice;

labor;

· social security;

· education;

· Posts and telegraphs;

· on nationalities affairs;

· for financial matters;

· communication routes;

agriculture;

· trade and industry;

food;

· State control;

· Supreme Council of the National Economy;

· healthcare.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, the members of which are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-Union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and order of activity of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.

From this moment on, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the Union departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:

· domestic trade;

labor

finance

RCT

·internal affairs

justice

education

· health

agriculture

· social security

VSNKh

With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR on January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was accountable only to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, and in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.

Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has included 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):

· Food Industry

· light industry

· forestry industry

agriculture

· grain state farms

· livestock farms

finance

· domestic trade

justice

· health

education

· local industry

· utilities

· social security

2. The bloody history of the people's commissars

On September 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a resolution “On Red Terror”. The resolution stated that the Council of People's Commissars, “having heard the report of the Chairman of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, finds that in this situation, ensuring the rear through terror is a direct necessity; that it is necessary to secure the Soviet Republic from class enemies by isolating them in concentration camps; that all persons connected with White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions are subject to execution...”

Under this decree, which opened a new chapter in the history of mutually destructive civil war in Russia, the signatures were put by the People's Commissar of Justice D. Kursky, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs G. Petrovsky and the manager of the Council of People's Commissars V. Bonch-Bruevich.

Actually, the beginning of the “Red Terror” campaign was announced on September 2, 1918 by the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Yakov Sverdlov. Formally, the “red terror” was a response to the assassination attempt on the chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars, Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin, on August 30 and the murder on the same day of the chairman of the Petrograd Cheka, Moisei Uritsky.

However, in fact, bloody reprisals against their political opponents became common practice among the Bolsheviks from the very first days of the coup they carried out on October 25 (November 7, new style) 1917. Although just on October 26, by the decision of the Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (the same one at which Lenin announced the accomplished proletarian revolution), the death penalty in Russia was abolished. Lenin himself, as Leon Trotsky said in his memoirs, was very dissatisfied with this decision, and “provisionally” told his comrades on the Central Committee and the Council of People’s Commissars that a revolution without the death penalty was impossible. Actually, back in September 1917, in his work “The Impending Catastrophe and How to Fight It,” he pointed out that “any revolutionary government can hardly do without the death penalty in relation to exploiters (i.e., landowners and capitalists) "

In person, in those places where there was armed resistance to the establishment of Soviet power, its opponents began to be shot back in November-December 1917. To be fair, we point out that opponents of the Bolsheviks did not hesitate to resort to similar measures. Thus, during the October battles of 1917 in Moscow, Colonel Ryabtsev, who commanded the forces of supporters of the Provisional Government, shot in the Kremlin more than 300 unarmed soldiers of the 56th reserve regiment, whom he suspected of sympathizing with the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, immediately after their victory in Moscow, shot several hundred cadets and students opposing them. However, Viktor Nogin, who led the Moscow Revolutionary Committee, stopped the arbitrary executions and released the remaining opponents on all four sides. He even later accused his comrades in the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of “political terror, unworthy of the party of revolutionaries,” and for such idealism he was sent by Lenin to a lower level of the party hierarchy.

Meanwhile, resistance to the measures of the Soviet government in different regions of the country began to gain momentum, and the Bolsheviks increasingly had to resort to force of arms to suppress it. In January 1918, the Bolsheviks shot on the streets of Petrograd a peaceful demonstration of supporters of the Constituent Assembly they had dispersed. Where the resistance was armed, no one could stop the executions.

After the troops of the German Kaiser Wilhelm began an offensive along the entire line of the former front in February 1918, Lenin insisted on the adoption of the famous decree “The Socialist Fatherland is in danger!” It was there that the death penalty without trial was already explicitly introduced for crimes committed by “enemy agents, profiteers, pogromists, hooligans, counter-revolutionary agitators, German spies.”

In May 1918, Lenin proclaimed a “crusade for bread” and decreed the creation of the Prodarmiya (where he intended to send 90% of all the armed forces available to the SNK), which was supposed to take away “surplus” food from the peasant population by force. This decree also provided for the execution on the spot of those who would oppose the seizure of these “surpluses.” It should be noted that the beginning of a full-scale civil war turned out to be more likely connected with the implementation of this decree than with the Czechoslovak rebellion or the campaign of General Denikin’s Volunteer Army in Kuban.

In this situation, the Council of People's Commissars on June 13, 1918 adopted a decree reinstating the death penalty. From that moment on, execution could be carried out according to the verdicts of revolutionary tribunals. On June 21, 1918, Admiral Shchastny was the first to be sentenced to death by a revolutionary tribunal. He, showing the initiative, took the ships of the Baltic Fleet to Kronstadt, preventing the Germans from capturing them, after which Trotsky, who by that time had become the People's Commissar for Military Affairs, announced that Shchastny had saved the fleet in order to gain popularity among the sailors and then direct them to overthrow the Soviet regime.

As the activities of the Bolsheviks aroused greater protest among various segments of the population, the Soviet leadership had to increasingly improve its ingenuity in measures to suppress it. So, for example, on August 9, 1918, Lenin sent instructions to the Penza Gubispolkom: “It is necessary to carry out merciless mass terror against the kulaks, priests and White Guards; those who are dubious will be locked up in a concentration camp outside the city.” Then comes the following “parting instructions”: “Decree and implement complete disarmament of the population, shoot on the spot mercilessly for any hidden rifle.” In the complete works of V.I. Lenin contains similar instructions for other cities and provinces.

Among the measures to restore order and prevent resistance, sabotage and counter-revolution, it was also decided to begin taking hostages among potential opponents of Soviet power and members of their families. Chairman of the Cheka Dzerzhinsky motivated this measure by the fact that it is “the most effective: the taking of hostages among the bourgeoisie, based on the lists compiled by you to collect the indemnity imposed on the bourgeoisie ... the arrest and imprisonment of all hostages and suspects in concentration camps.”

Lenin developed this proposal and proposed a list of measures for its practical implementation: “I propose not to take “hostages”, but to assign them by name to the volosts. The target of the destination is precisely the rich, because... they are responsible for the indemnity, they are responsible with their lives for the immediate collection and dumping of surplus grain in each volost.”

Such proposals caused consternation even among many Bolsheviks, who considered them “barbaric,” but Lenin answered them: “I reason soberly and categorically. What is better - to imprison several dozen or hundreds of instigators, guilty or innocent, conscious or unconscious, or to lose thousands of Red Army soldiers and workers? The first one is better. And let me be accused of any mortal sins and violations of freedom - I will plead guilty, and the interests of the workers will benefit.”

Of course, in these words of the proletarian leader there was a fair element of demagoguery. By the summer of 1918, workers often began to speak out against Soviet power - in Izhevsk, Votkinsk, Samara, Astrakhan, Ashgabat, Yaroslavl, Tula, etc. The Bolsheviks suppressed their protests no less brutally than any other “counter-revolution.”

However, after the enactment of the Council of People’s Commissars’ resolution on the “Red Terror”, emergency commissions, revolutionary tribunals, revolutionary committees and other bodies of Soviet power (up to the Red command of individual units) received the right to deal with everyone who was considered potential opponents of Soviet power, without even finding out the specific guilt of that person. or another accused.

One of the leaders of the Cheka, Martin Latsis, on November 1, 1918, in the magazine “Red Terror,” explained the activities being carried out as follows: “We are not waging war against individuals. We are exterminating the bourgeoisie as a class. During the investigation, do not look for materials and evidence that the accused acted in deed or word against the Soviet regime. The first question we must ask him is to what class he belongs, what is his origin, upbringing, education or profession. These questions should determine the fate of the accused. This is the meaning and essence of the Red Terror.”

Similar to Latsis, the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Tribunal of the RSFSR, Karl Danishevsky, stated: “Military tribunals are not and should not be guided by any legal norms. These are punitive bodies created in the process of intense revolutionary struggle.”

However, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Petrovsky considered it necessary to at least somehow regulate the activities of his comrades and issued instructions on whom to apply extrajudicial executions to. This list included:

"1. All former gendarmerie officers according to a special list approved by the Cheka.

All gendarmerie and police officers suspicious of their activities, according to the results of the search.

Anyone who has a weapon without a permit, unless there are extenuating circumstances (for example, membership in a revolutionary Soviet party or workers' organization).

Anyone with detected false documents, if they are suspected of counter-revolutionary activities. In doubtful cases, cases should be referred to the Cheka for final consideration.

Exposure of criminal relations with Russian and foreign counter-revolutionaries and their organizations, as being located in the territory Soviet Russia, and outside it.

All active members of the party of socialist revolutionaries of the center and right (note: active members are considered members of leading organizations - all committees from central to local city and district; members of military squads and those in relations with them on party affairs; carrying out any instructions from military squads; serving between individual organizations, etc.).

All active figures of counter-revolutionary parties (cadets, Octobrists, etc.).

The case of the executions must be discussed in the presence of a representative of the Russian Party of Communists.

The execution is carried out only subject to a unanimous decision of three members of the Commission.”

An equally broad list of categories to be placed in concentration camps was proposed.

However, even this lengthy list did not include all possible enemies, and the leadership of the RCP (b) also developed separate “targeted” campaigns to eliminate “socially alien” classes - the Cossacks (“decossackization”) and the clergy.

Thus, on January 24, 1919, at a meeting of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee, a directive was adopted that marked the beginning of mass terror and repression against “all Cossacks who took any direct or indirect part in the fight against Soviet power.” The resolution of the Donburo of the RCP (b) dated April 8, 1919 posed “the urgent task of the complete, rapid, decisive destruction of the Cossacks as a special economic group, the destruction of its economic foundations, the physical destruction of the Cossack bureaucracy and officers, in general all the top of the Cossacks, actively counter-revolutionary, dispersal and the neutralization of ordinary Cossacks and the formal liquidation of the Cossacks."

The Ural Regional Revolutionary Committee in February 1919 also issued instructions according to which the Cossacks should be “outlawed and subject to extermination.” In pursuance of the instructions, existing concentration camps were used and a number of new places of detention were organized. A memorandum to the Central Committee of the RCP (b) by a member of the Cossack department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Ruzheinikov at the end of 1919 reported that the 25th division of the Red Army (under the command of the legendary Chapaev. - Note KM.RU) when advancing from Lbischensk to the village of Skvorkina, burned out all the villages along the 80 versts in length and 30-40 in width. By mid-1920, the Ural army was virtually completely destroyed.

In the spring of 1920, “member of the RVS Kafront comrade. Ordzhonikidze ordered: first, to burn the Kalinovskaya village; second - the villages of Ermolovskaya, Zakan-Yurtovskaya, Samashkinskaya, Mikhailovskaya should always be given to the mountainous Chechens by former subjects of Soviet power. Why should the entire male population of the above-mentioned villages from 18 to 50 years old be loaded into trains and sent under escort to the North for hard forced labor, the elderly, women and children evicted from the villages, allowing them to move to farms and villages in the North.” “We definitely decided to evict 18 villages with a population of 60 thousand on the other side of the Terek,” Ordzhonikidze himself later reported. He clarified: “The villages of Sunzhenskaya, Tarskaya, Field Marshalskaya, Romanovskaya, Ermolovskaya and others were liberated from the Cossacks and handed over to the highlanders - the Ingush and Chechens.”

It is necessary to point out that Comrade Sergo was not at all involved in amateur activities, but acted within the framework of the directive of Comrade Lenin. The latter indicated in the directive of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b): “On the agrarian issue, recognize the need to return to the mountaineers of the North Caucasus the lands taken from them by the Great Russians, at the expense of the kulak part of the Cossack population, and instruct the Council of People's Commissars to immediately prepare a corresponding resolution.”

Lenin also kept the reprisal against the clergy under personal control. On May 1, 1919, the secret Directive of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee No. 13666/2 was issued to the Chairman of the Cheka F.E. Dzerzhinsky “On the fight against priests and religion” signed by the chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars Lenin and the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Kalinin with the following content: “In accordance with the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council. Nar. The commissars need to put an end to priests and religion as quickly as possible. Popovs should be arrested as counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs, and shot mercilessly and everywhere. And as much as possible. Churches are subject to closure. The temple premises should be sealed and turned into warehouses.”

Considering the national composition of the Bolshevik elite, it should be noted that an essential part of the “Red Terror” was the so-called “fight against anti-Semitism,” which from the very beginning was an important goal of the punitive policy of the Bolsheviks (that’s why they were immediately called Judeo-Bolsheviks). Already in April 1918, a circular was published with an order to suppress “Black Hundred anti-Semitic agitation by the clergy, taking the most decisive measures to combat counter-revolutionary activities and agitation.” And in July of the same year - the all-Union decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the persecution of anti-Semitism, signed by Lenin: “counter-revolutionaries in many cities, especially in the front line, are conducting pogrom agitation... The Council of People's Commissars orders all Council of Deputies to take decisive measures to stop the anti-Semitic movement at its roots. Pogrom makers and those leading pogrom agitation are ordered to be outlawed,” which meant execution. (And in the Criminal Code adopted in 1922, Article 83 prescribed punishment up to execution for “inciting national hatred.”

The “anti-Semitic” July execution decree began to be applied even more diligently, coupled with the September decree on the “Red Terror”. Among the well-known figures, the first victims of these two combined decrees were Archpriest John Vostorgov (accused of serving the holy infant Gabriel of Bialystok, martyred by the Jews), Bishop Ephraim (Kuznetsov) of Selenga, the “anti-Semitic” priest Lyutostansky and his brother, N.A. Maklakov (former Minister of Internal Affairs, proposed to the Tsar in December 1916 to disperse the Duma), A.N. Khvostov (leader of the right-wing faction in the IV Duma, former Minister of Internal Affairs), I.G. Shcheglovitov (Minister of Justice until 1915, patron of the Union of the Russian People, one of the organizers of the investigation into the Beilis case, Chairman of the State Council) and Senator S.P. Beletsky (former head of the Police Department).

By thus identifying “anti-Semitism” with counter-revolution, the Bolsheviks themselves identified their power with the Jewish one. Thus, in the secret resolution of the Bureau of the Komsomol Central Committee “On the issue of combating anti-Semitism” dated November 2, 1926, the “intensification of anti-Semitism” was noted, which is used by “anti-communist organizations and elements in the fight against the Soviet authorities.” Yu. Larin (Lurie), a member of the presidium of the Supreme Economic Council and the State Planning Committee, one of the authors of the project for the transfer of Crimea to the Jews and “one of the initiators of the campaign against anti-Semitism (1926-1931),” dedicated an entire book to this - “Jews and Anti-Semitism in the USSR.” He defined “anti-Semitism as a means of disguised mobilization against the Soviet regime...Therefore, counteracting anti-Semitic agitation is a prerequisite for increasing the defense capability of our country” (emphasis in the original), states Larin and insists on the application of Lenin’s decree of 1918: “To outlaw “active anti-Semites” ", i.e. shoot”... At the end of the 1920s, in Moscow alone there was a trial for anti-Semitism approximately every ten days; could be judged just by the spoken word “Jew.”

According to some historians, from 1918 to the end of the 1930s. During the repressions against the clergy, about 42,000 clergy were shot or died in prison. Similar data on execution statistics are provided by the St. Tikhon’s Theological Institute, which conducts an analysis of repressions against clergy based on archival materials.

It is not possible to establish the total number of victims of the “red terror” (however, for the sake of fairness, we will indicate, as well as the terror of the “white”, nationalist regimes, “green”, Makhnovist and other insurgencies).

According to the resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 9-P of November 30, 1992, “the ideas of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the “red terror”, the violent elimination of the exploiting classes, the so-called. enemies of the people and Soviet power led to mass genocide of the country's population in the 20-50s, the destruction of the social structure of civil society, the monstrous incitement of social discord, and the death of tens of millions of innocent people.”

.2 About those who are for the “fight against anti-Semitism”»

As you know, in October 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia, after which bloody repressions began against the color of the Russian nation: officers, intelligentsia, Cossacks, clergy, etc., but few people know that almost all of these so-called Bolsheviks were of Jewish nationality.

Most of the agents of darkness (Judeo-Zionists) put on the masks of the Bolsheviks just before the October revolution or immediately after it, with the aim of seizing the power that the devil Jehovah had once promised them. And then they captured the blood of Russian people and other peoples who inhabited Russian Empire, flowed like a river.

For those who do not know the history of our country well, we advise you to read the historical essay by Andrei Dikiy, Jews in Russia and the USSR, published in 1967 in New York. In the 90s, the book was republished several times in Russia. Below are excerpts from a book published in Novosibirsk by Blagovest publishing house in 1994.

In this book, on page 451462, the country's leaders who decided the fate of Russia after October 1917 are listed by name. In total, 539 senior management officials were listed. According to national composition, they were divided as follows: Jews 442 (82%), Latvians 34 (6%), Russians 31 (5%), Germans 11 (2%), Armenians 10 (2%), Polyakov 3, Finnov 3, Gruzin 2, Chekhov 1, Vengrov 1.

The COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS, which consisted of 22 two top leaders of the country, included 3 Russians (Lenin, Chicherin, Lunacharsky), 1 Armenian (Protian) and 1 Georgian (Stalin), the remaining 17 people were Jews.

Moreover, the issue of 3 Russians is quite controversial. Here, for example, is how Grigory Klimov writes about this in the book of God’s People:

“So - let’s return to our analysis of A. Dikiy and his book “Jews in Russia and the USSR. Historical sketch". What interested me most about this book were the Soviet government lists from 1919 through the 1940s. Many people think that Jews only invaded the Soviet government in the 1920s. No. It turns out that it was exactly the same in the 40s

Now let's analyze the Soviet government immediately after the revolution

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Ulyanov (Lenin). It is written Russian. But in fact, Lenin was half-Jewish on his mother’s side, which, according to rabbinical laws, is a full Jew. So the author here either underestimated or did not know the importance of half-Jews. After all, a half-Jew is always more Jewish than Russian.

Commissioner of Foreign Affairs - Chicherin. Russian again. And the same story. Either Dikiy didn’t know, or for some reason he didn’t want to write about it. Chicherin, in fact, on his father’s side, was from the old family nobility, and on his mother’s side, he was a Jew. So Chicherin was half-Jewish, but according to rabbinical Israeli laws he is considered a full Jew. But this is not enough. Besides the fact that he was half-Jewish, he was also a ***. But this did not stop him from getting married. But who did he marry? On Jewish. So here we are supplementing Dikiy a little... I think that when appointing Chicherin as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lenin took all this into account. In prim England, it was easy for Chicherin to speak with the lords as equals - he was from their circle; in Masonic America he is also one of us - and ***, and mommy is Jewish

Commissioner for Nationalities Affairs - Dzhugashvili (Stalin). Here it says Georgian. And we already know that Stalin is half-Jew, half-Caucasian Jew. Even his last name, if translated into Russian, will sound like this: shvili - son, and juga - in many dialects means Jew. Even in English - a Jew. So, he himself is Joseph, his son is Yakov, his surname is the son of a Jew, in the end he goes like a Georgian.

President of the Supreme Economic Council - Lurie (Larin). Jew.

We have already met this Larin. Bukharin married his daughter.

Commissioner for Restoration - Schlichter. Jew.

Commissioner of Agriculture - Protian. Armenian.

Commissioner of the National Audit Office - Lander. Jew.

Commissioner of the Army and Navy - Bronstein (Trotsky). Jew.

Commissioner of Public Lands - Kaufman. Jew.

Commissioner of Public Works - Shmit. Jew.

Commissioner of Public Supplies - E. Lilina (Knigisen). Jewish.

Commissioner of Public Education - Lunacharsky. Here it says Russian. In fact, Lunacharsky was a converted Jew. And he was married to a Jewish woman, Rosenel.

Commissioner of Religions - Spitsberg. Jew.

People's Commissar - Apfelbaum (Zinoviev). Jew.

Commissioner of Public Hygiene - Anvelt. Jew.

Commissioner of Finance - Gukovsky. Jew.

Commissioner of the Press - Cohen (Volodarsky). Jew.

Commissioner for Election Affairs - Radomyslsky (Uritsky). Jew.

Commissioner of Justice - Steinberg. Jew.

The evacuation commissioner is Fenigstein. Jew.

His assistants are Ravich and Zaslavsky. Jews.

Total - out of 22 members: Jews - 17, Russians - 3 (in fact, they are all half-Jews), Armenians - 1, Georgians - 1 (in fact, Stalin is a Caucasian half-Jew).”

As we see, Grigory Klimov made significant amendments to Andrei Dikiy’s information, as a result of which all 3 Russians and 1 Georgians in the country’s highest body, the COUNCIL OF PEOPLE’S COMMISSARS, ended up with nothing.

The book by Andrei Diky lists more than five hundred Bolshevik leaders (indicating their names and nationalities) who found themselves in Russian power after October 1917. I will not list them, because it will take a lot of time and space, but I will indicate the main numbers:

The MILITARY COMMISSARIAT consisted of 35 Jews, 7 Latvians and 1 German, there were no Russians.

THE COMMISSARIAT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS consisted of 43 Jews, 10 Latvians, 3 Armenians, 2 Poles, 2 Germans and 2 Russians.

THE COMMISSARIAT FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS consisted of 13 Jews, 1 Latvian, 1 German and 1 Russian.

The FINANCE COMMISSARIATE consisted of 24 Jews, 2 Latvians, 1 Pole and 2 Russians.

The COMMISSARIATE OF JUSTICE consisted of 18 Jews and 1 Armenian, there were no Russians.

PROVINCIAL COMMISSIONERS 21 Jews, 1 Latvian and 1 Russian.

THE BUREAU OF THE FIRST COUNCIL OF WORKERS' AND SOLDIERS' DEPUTIES IN MOSCOW consisted of 19 Jews, 3 Latvians, 1 Armenian, there were no Russians.

The CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE of the 4th RUSSIAN CONGRESS OF WORKERS AND PEASANTS DEPUTIES consisted of 33 Jews and 1 Russian (Lenin).

Of the 42 employees (editors and journalists) of the newspapers available at that time (Pravda, Izvestia, Znamya Truda, etc.), only one Maxim Gorky was not a Jew, all the rest belonged to the chosen people.

As can be seen from the list, power after October 1917 was in the hands of Jews, many of whom hid behind Russian names and surnames. The Russians themselves (in their own country) were only 5% in power, and even those for the most part were poor people or had Jewish wives.

As an example, I will name the names of the most famous Kremlin leaders whose wives were Jewish: Andreev, Bukharin, Vorovsky, Voroshilov, Kalinin, Kirov, Lunacharsky, Molotov, Rykov, etc. From times closer to us, we can add Brezhnev, Suslov and the first president Yeltsin's Russia. (Data about wives taken from V. Korchagin’s book The Trial of an Academician. Moscow, Vityaz, 1996, pp. 459-460).

Kuibyshev, Poskrebyshev, Yezhov, and Tukhachevsky were also married to Jewish women. Kamenev was Trotsky’s brother-in-law by wife, Yagoda married Sverdlov’s niece. Stalin's last wife (unofficially) was Rosa Koganovich, the sister of Lazar Koganovich. Stalin's eldest son Yakov was married to a Jewish woman. Stalin's daughter Svetlana was married to a Jew. Malenkov had a Jewish son-in-law. Khrushchev’s son was also married to a Jewish woman. This list can be continued, but I think that there is no need for this, because nepotism, groupism and clannishness, mixed with Jewish blood, are already obvious.

For a more complete picture, here is an excerpt from Grigory Klimov’s book Protocols of Soviet Sages, where Stalin is mentioned in chapter 17:

“Let us look into the book of Monsignor, that is, Cardinal George Dillon, Freemasonry without a Mask (The Secret Power Behind Communism), London, 1965. I quote: David Weissman, in an article in the B'nai B'rith Bulletin of March 3, 1950, writes that Stalin was a Jew (p. 19). I will add that B'nai B'rith is the center of Jewish Freemasonry, so the source is quite authoritative. So, the Jews themselves admit that Stalin was a Jew or, according to other sources, a half-Jew. And now Jews are screaming to the whole world that Stalin was an anti-Semite. So figure it out here, where is the Semite and where is the anti-Semite?”

Now let’s take a look at what Grigory Klimov writes about this in his book God’s People:

“So - one more pattern should be noted. At first, after the revolution, all power was in the hands of the Jews. Then power passes into the hands of disguised half-Jews. Stalin is a disguised half-Jew from the Caucasus. Beria is also a disguised half-Jew from the Caucasus. And after Stalin’s death, power passed, oddly enough, to Jewish wives. Because almost all the leaders after Stalin were married to Jewish women.

Khrushchev's first marriage was to a Jewish woman, Gorskaya. And all of Khrushchev’s children from this Jewish woman are, naturally, half-breeds. And they all went back to Judaism in their marriages.

After Khrushchev, Brezhnev was also married to a Jewish woman. Andropov, himself half-Armenian and half-Jewish, was married to a Jewish woman. Only Gorbachev seems to fall out of this series, but his daughter married a Jew...”

Now let's summarize. As can be seen from the above information, almost all key positions in Russia after October 1917 were occupied by Jews, and the few Russians who found themselves among them were, for the most part, homeless or married to Jews. As a result, the question arises: where did so many Jews come from in Russia? And how did they manage to seize power in such a large country? And why did their own kill their own?

Conclusion

Summing up the work done, we can state that the formation of the principles of Bolshevik policy took a long period from the birth of the party to its coming to power. The legal formalization of the developed norms in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 is being completed. The Party initially relied on global transformation, which should have led to the formation of a classless society. And here they were direct followers of the founders of Marxism. However, the main place in their ideology was immediately occupied by the demand for the conquest of political power, without waiting until the necessary economic prerequisites for the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat were formed.

The Bolsheviks' coming to power created a new practical reality, which was expressed by the urgent need to keep power in one's hands. The narrowness of the social base led the Bolsheviks already at the beginning of 1918 to justify the dominant role of revolutionary violence in establishing the foundations of the dictatorship of the proletariat. A characteristic feature of social policy was its class character. Already in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, the right of the state to use measures of coercion and violence, deprivation of rights in relation to those who could resist this power was proclaimed.

During the period of strengthening Soviet power until August 1918, the Bolsheviks were still groping for the levers of social policy. At the same time, both violent forms and methods and peaceful ones were determined. The first manifested themselves, first of all, in the form of dismissals for political reasons, the withdrawal of material resources from the hands of the bourgeoisie (through confiscations, requisitions, one-time collections of funds). The latter were implemented through material support, the introduction of a social security system, the creation of social protection bodies, and the creation of social privileges.

The loss of power by the Bolsheviks in August-September 1918, which in principle can be considered a failure of the social policy of the previous stage, led to a desire to rely on forceful methods. The situation in the cities also contributed to this. The appearance of a mass of people who suffered (physically, morally and financially) from the activities of Komuch.

Since September 1918, the nature of Soviet power has changed. This was a reflection of the policy of the center and was automatically transferred to the local level. The Red Terror began to play a dominant role as an instrument of social policy.

Its functions included the physical destruction of those who resisted Soviet power, instilling fear and isolation in concentration camps. However, almost immediately its main features appeared - mass character and facelessness. This significantly contributed to the death of a mass of citizens simply because they belonged in the past to the ruling class (nobility, clergy, merchants) or class (large, middle, and then petty bourgeoisie). The logic of revolutionary violence gradually led to a constant recourse to terror in emergency situations.

By applying the Constitution's provision that “he who does not work, neither shall he eat,” the Bolsheviks used labor relations to change the social structure. Belonging to a professional organization, which provided the right to various benefits, became of great importance. Due to this important role played registration and accounting of the working population.

In parallel with their reliance on violent methods of politics, the Bolsheviks improved peaceful forms and methods. The policy of social security, the public catering system, material assistance, and the creation of new social benefits (in particular in the field of taxation) have reached a wide scope.

At the final stage of the civil war, crisis phenomena in the social policy of the Bolsheviks appeared: there was not enough money for social Security, violent methods of rear control were becoming obsolete. A noticeable consequence of this period was the growth in the number of civil servants, who, due to the ability to control the sphere of distribution, became a strong support of Soviet power. In general, contradictions between the desire to normalize economic life through violent methods of management became increasingly apparent: labor conscription, mobilization, curtailment of social guarantees for the proletariat, terror.

An analysis of the behavior of the people shows a clear discrepancy between the conclusion of Soviet historiography about the support of the working masses for the Bolsheviks and the actual historical situation. The mass of the population did not understand and did not accept the revolutionary changes being carried out. The proletariat quickly became disillusioned with the “dictatorship for the proletariat”, since it was practically excluded from participation in the development and adoption of decisions.

Methods and tools developed and tested during the civil war were subsequently used by the Soviet government.

List of used literature

1.“The Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR” (adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918).

2.Andrei Dikiy Jews in Russia and the USSR. M., Blagovest. 1994. P. 451462

.Vert N. History of the Soviet state. 1900-1991. M., 1999. pp. 130-131.

.Supreme bodies of state power and central government bodies of the RSFSR (1917-1967). Directory (based on materials from state archives)" (prepared by the Central State Administration of the RSFSR), ch. Section I "Government of the RSFSR".

.Grigory Klimov God's people. M., 2006. //g-klimov.info/

.Grigory Klimov Protocols of Soviet sages. M., 2006. //g-klimov.info/

.Evgeny Guslyarov. Lenin in life. A systematic collection of memoirs of contemporaries, documents of the era, versions of historians, OLMA-PRESS, 2004, ISBN: 5948501914.

.Oleg Platonov. History of the Russian people in the 20th century. Volume 1 (ch. 39-81).

.Courtois S., N. Werth, J.-L. Panne, A. Paczkowski, K. Bartoszek, J.-L. Margolen, with the participation of R. Coffer, P. Rigoulot, P. Fontaine, I. Santamaria, S. Buluk The Black Book of Communism: crimes, terror, repression. Reference publication. - Part 1. The state against its people. P. 430.

.Trotsky L. “Terrorism and communism.” P. 64. // Akim Arutyunov “Lenin’s dossier without retouching.”

.Khrustalev M. It is necessary to carry out merciless mass terror. 2010. // science.km.ru.

.Chistyakov O.I. Constitution of the USSR of 1924. Textbook Zertsalo-M, 2004 // Garant 2010.

Tutoring

Need help studying a topic?

Our specialists will advise or provide tutoring services on topics that interest you.
Submit your application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Sovnarkom of the RSFSR, Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR)- the name of the government until 1946. The Council consisted of people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (People's Commissariats, NK). After its formation, a similar body was created at the union level

Story

The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Central Committee also instructed Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the government. During the Second Congress of Soviets, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries were offered to join the government, but they refused. The factions of the right Socialist Revolutionaries left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government. The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed: Power in St. Petersburg was won. We need to form a government.
- What to call him? - reasoned out loud. Just not ministers: this is a vile, worn-out name.
“We could be commissars,” I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Perhaps high commissioners? No, “supreme” sounds bad. Is it possible to say “folk”?
- People's Commissars? Well, that'll probably do. What about the government as a whole?
- Council of People's Commissars?
“The Council of People’s Commissars,” Lenin picked up, “this is excellent: it smells terrible of revolution.” According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The Council of People's Commissars was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees having the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions. The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were resolved by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, and representatives of departments. The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration, which prepared issues for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing commissions, and received delegations. The administrative staff in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (according to the data of the TsGAOR USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, pp. 19 - 20.) By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers.

Activity

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars consist of: managing the general affairs of the RSFSR, managing individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37), issuing legislative acts and taking measures “necessary for the correct and rapid flow of state life.” (Article 38) The People's Commissar has the right to individually make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the Commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45). All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel a resolution or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40). 17 people's commissariats are created (in the Constitution this figure is indicated erroneously, since in the list presented in Article 43 there are 18 of them). The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918:

For foreign affairs;
For military affairs;
For maritime affairs;
For internal affairs;
Justice;
Labor;
Social Security;
Enlightenment;
Posts and telegraphs;
For Nationalities Affairs;
For financial matters;
Communication routes;
Commerce and Industry;
Food;
State control;
Supreme Council of the National Economy;
Healthcare.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, the members of which are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44). With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-Union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and order of activity of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925. From this moment on, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the Union departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:

Domestic trade;
Labor;
Finance;
Internal Affairs;
Justice;
Enlightenment;
Healthcare;
Agriculture;
Social Security;
VSNKh.

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, representatives of the People's Commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (according to information from the SU, 1924, N 70, art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration. (based on materials from the TsGAOR USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.) With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR on January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was accountable only to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, and in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Council RSFSR. Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has included 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):

Food Industry;
Light industry;
Forestry industry;
Agriculture;
Grain state farms;
Livestock farms;
Finance;
Domestic trade;
Justice;
Healthcare;
Enlightenment;
Local industry;
Utilities;
Social Security.