Ambivalence, frustration, rigidity - if you want to express your thoughts not at the level of a fifth grader, then you will have to understand the meaning of these words. Katya Shpachuk explains everything in an accessible and understandable way, and visual gifs help her with this.
1. Frustration
Almost everyone experienced a feeling of unfulfillment, encountered obstacles on the way to achieving goals, which became an unbearable burden and a reason for reluctance. So this is frustration. When everything is boring and nothing works.
But you shouldn’t take this condition with hostility. The main way to overcome frustration is to recognize the moment, accept it, and be tolerant of it. A state of dissatisfaction and mental tension mobilize a person’s strength to deal with a new challenge.
2. Procrastination 
- So, starting tomorrow I’m going on a diet! No, better from Monday.
I'll finish it later when I'm in the mood. There's still time.
Ah..., I’ll write tomorrow. It's not going anywhere.
Sound familiar? This is procrastination, that is, putting things off until later.
A painful state when you need it and don’t want it.
Accompanied by tormenting oneself for not completing the assigned task. This is the main difference from laziness. Laziness is an indifferent state, procrastination is an emotional state. At the same time, a person finds excuses and activities that are much more interesting than doing specific work.
In fact, the process is normal and inherent to most people. But don't overuse it. The main way to avoid this is motivation and proper prioritization. This is where time management comes to the rescue.
3. Introspection 
In other words, introspection. A method by which a person examines his own psychological tendencies or processes. Descartes was the first to use introspection when studying his own mental nature.
Despite the popularity of the method in the 19th century, introspection is considered a subjective, idealistic, even unscientific form of psychology.
4. Behaviorism 
Behaviorism is a direction in psychology that is based not on consciousness, but on behavior. Human reaction to an external stimulus. Movements, facial expressions, gestures - in short, everything external signs became the subject of study by behaviorists.
The founder of the method, American John Watson, assumed that through careful observation, one could predict, change or shape appropriate behavior.
Many experiments have been conducted to study human behavior. But the most famous was the following.
In 1971, Philip Zimbardo conducted an unprecedented psychological experiment called the Stanford Prison Experiment. Absolutely healthy, mentally stable young people were placed in a suspended prison. The students were divided into two groups and assigned tasks: some had to play the role of guards, others prisoners. The student guards began to show sadistic tendencies, while the prisoners were morally depressed and resigned to their fate. After 6 days the experiment was stopped (instead of two weeks). During the course, it was proved that the situation influences a person’s behavior more than his internal characteristics.
5. Ambivalence 
Many psychological thriller writers are familiar with this concept. So, “ambivalence” is a dual attitude towards something. Moreover, this relationship is absolutely polar. For example, love and hatred, sympathy and antipathy, pleasure and displeasure that a person experiences simultaneously and in relation to something (someone) alone. The term was introduced by E. Bleuler, who considered ambivalence one of the signs of schizophrenia.
According to Freud, “ambivalence” takes on a slightly different meaning. This is the presence of opposing deep motivations, which are based on the attraction to life and death.
6. Insight 
Translated from English, “insight” is insight, the ability to gain insight, insight, suddenly finding a solution, etc.
There is a task, the task requires a solution, sometimes it is simple, sometimes complex, sometimes it is solved quickly, sometimes it takes time. Usually, in complex, labor-intensive, seemingly impossible tasks, insight comes. Something non-standard, unexpected, new. Along with insight, the previously established nature of action or thinking changes.
7. Rigidity 
In psychology, “rigidity” is understood as a person’s unwillingness to act not according to plan, fear of unforeseen circumstances. Also referred to as “rigidity” is the unwillingness to give up habits and attitudes, from the old, in favor of the new, etc.
A rigid person is a hostage to stereotypes, ideas that are not created independently, but taken from reliable sources.
They are specific, pedantic, and are irritated by uncertainty and carelessness. Rigid thinking is banal, cliched, uninteresting.
8. Conformism and non-conformism 
“Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to stop and think,” wrote Mark Twain. Conformity is a key concept in social psychology. Expressed as a change in behavior under the real or imagined influence of others.
Why is this happening? Because people are afraid when they are not like everyone else. This is a way out of your comfort zone. This is the fear of not being liked, of looking stupid, of being outside the masses.
A conformist is a person who changes his opinion, beliefs, attitudes, in favor of the society in which he is located.
Nonconformist is the opposite concept to the previous one, that is, a person who defends an opinion that differs from the majority.
9. Catharsis 
From ancient Greek, the word “katharsis” means “purification,” most often from feelings of guilt. A process of long experience, excitement, which at the peak of development turns into liberation, something maximally positive. It is common for a person to worry for various reasons, from the thought of the iron not being turned off, etc. Here we can talk about everyday catharsis. There is a problem that reaches its peak, a person suffers, but he cannot suffer forever. The problem begins to go away, the anger goes away (for some), the moment of forgiveness or awareness comes.
10. Empathy 
Do you experience together with the person who tells you his story? Do you live with him? Do you emotionally support the person you are listening to? Then you are an empath.
Empathy – understanding people’s feelings, willingness to provide support.
This is when a person puts himself in the place of another, understands and lives his story, but, nevertheless, remaining with his reason. Empathy is a feeling and responsive process, somewhere emotional.
The term “psychology” first appeared in scientific use in the 16th century. Initially, it belonged to a special science that studied the so-called mental or mental phenomena that every person is aware of as a result of introspection. Later, in the 17th-19th centuries, the scope of psychologists' research expanded significantly to include unconscious mental processes(unconscious) and human activity.
Since the 19th century psychology becomes an independent and experimental field scientific knowledge. Gradually, psychological research expanded beyond the phenomena around which it had been concentrated for centuries. In this regard, the name “psychology” has partly lost its original, rather narrow meaning, when it referred only to subjective phenomena of consciousness. However, according to the centuries-old tradition, this science still retains its former name.
What is the subject of studying psychology? First of all, the human psyche, which includes many subjective phenomena. For example, with the help of cognitive processes a person understands the world. Cognitive processes include sensation and perception, attention and memory, imagination, thinking and speech. Mental properties and states of personality regulate communication with people, participate in the management of actions and behavior. These include needs, motives, goals, interests, will, feelings and emotions, inclinations and abilities.
In turn, mental processes, states and properties of a person depend on living conditions, on how a person’s interaction with nature and society is organized (activity and communication). Therefore, communication and activity are the subject of modern psychological research.
Mental processes, properties and states of a person, his communication and activity are separated and studied separately, although in reality they are closely related to each other and form a single whole, called human life.
The psychology and behavior of people are connected, on the one hand, with the biological nature of man, on the other, with his individual experience, and on the third, with the laws of the functioning of society. In the latter case, the dependence of a person’s psyche and behavior on existing methods of teaching and upbringing, on the place he occupies in society, on the relationships that a person develops with the people around him, on the types of activities in which he directly participates is explored.
More on the topic The subject of psychology:
- 1.2. The subject of legal psychology, its goals and objectives, its place in the system of sciences
- 12.7. Psychology of the activities of bodies executing punishment (penitentiary psychology)
- LECTURE 2. MAIN STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY. CONCEPTS IN WESTERN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
- Module 1. The subject of social work psychology, its structure, and basic concepts.
- 1.1.4. Subject, social work psychology, its structure and functions.
- Fundamentals of the research plan of the Laboratory of Genetic Psychology of VIEM (abstract of the report)
Different meanings of the term psychology.
The term "psychology", formed from the Greek words psyche - soul, psyche and logos - knowledge, comprehension, study, has several meanings.
In its first, literal meaning, psychology is the “science of the soul”, it is knowledge about the psyche, the science that studies it, that is psychology can be defined as the science of the psyche and the laws of its manifestation and development.
In the second, most common meaning, the word “psychology” also refers to mental, “spiritual” life itself, thereby highlighting a special reality (psychological). If the properties of the psyche, consciousness, and mental processes usually characterize a person in general, then the features of psychology characterize a specific individual. Psychology manifests itself as a set of typical ways of behavior, communication, knowledge of the world around a person (or groups of people), beliefs and preferences, character traits. Thus, emphasizing the differences between people of a particular age, profession, and gender, they speak, for example, about the psychology of a schoolchild, student, worker and scientist, female psychology, etc.
It is clear that the general task of psychology is to study both the psyche of the subject and his psychology.
Having distinguished psychology as a special reality and as knowledge about it, we note that concept of "psychologist" – the owner of this knowledge is also ambiguous.
Of course, first of all, a psychologist is a representative of science, a professional researcher of the laws of the psyche and consciousness, the characteristics of psychology and human behavior. But not all psychological knowledge is necessarily scientific. So, in everyday life, a psychologist is a person who “understands the soul”, who understands people, their actions, and experiences. In this sense, virtually every person is a psychologist, regardless of profession, although more often this is what they call true experts in human relations - prominent thinkers, writers, teachers.
So, there are two different areas of psychological knowledge - scientific and everyday, everyday psychology. If scientific psychology arose relatively recently, then everyday psychological knowledge has always been included in different kinds human practice.
Everyday, scientific and practical psychology.
Researchers note five differences between everyday psychological knowledge and scientific knowledge.
First: everyday psychological knowledge, specific; they are confined to specific situations, specific people, specific tasks.
Scientific psychology, like any science, strives for generalizations. To do this, she uses scientific concepts that reflect the most essential properties of objects and phenomena, general connections and relationships. Scientific concepts are clearly defined, correlated with each other, and linked into laws.
You can describe a person for a very long time, listing in everyday terms his qualities, character traits, actions, relationships with other people. Scientific psychology seeks and finds such generalizing concepts that not only economize descriptions, but also allow us to see general trends and patterns of personality development and its individual characteristics.
One feature of scientific psychological concepts should be noted: they often coincide with everyday ones in their external form, i.e. are expressed in the same words. However, the internal content and meanings of these words are usually different. Everyday terms are usually more vague and ambiguous.
Second the difference between everyday psychological knowledge is that it carries intuitive character. This is due to the special way they are obtained: they are acquired through practical trials and adjustments. For example, this method is especially clearly visible in children who have good psychological intuition. In the course of daily and even frequent tests (to which children subject adults), children discover who can be “twisted into ropes” and who cannot.
In contrast, scientific psychological knowledge rational and quite conscious. The usual way is to put forward verbally formulated hypotheses and test the logically following consequences from them.
Third the difference lies in the methods of knowledge transfer and even in the very possibility of its transfer. In the field of everyday psychology, this possibility is very limited. This directly follows from the two previous features of everyday psychological experience - its concrete and intuitive nature. Is life experience passed on from the older generation to the younger? As a rule, with great difficulty and to a very small extent. The eternal problem of “fathers and children” is precisely that children cannot and do not even want to adopt the experience of their fathers. The content of everyday psychology is embodied and transmitted in folk rituals, traditions, beliefs, in proverbs and sayings, in aphorisms, in fairy tales and songs.
In science knowledge accumulated and transmitted with great, so to speak, efficiency. The accumulation and transmission of scientific knowledge is possible due to the fact that this knowledge is crystallized in concepts and laws. They are recorded in scientific literature and transmitted using verbal means, i.e. speech and language.
Fourth the difference lies in the methods of obtaining knowledge in the fields of everyday and scientific psychology. In everyday psychology we are forced to limit ourselves observations And reflections. In scientific psychology, these methods are supplemented experiment. The essence of the experimental method is that the researcher does not wait for a combination of circumstances as a result of which the phenomenon of interest to him arises, but causes this phenomenon himself, creating the appropriate conditions. Then he purposefully varies these conditions in order to identify the patterns to which this phenomenon obeys. With the introduction of the experimental method into psychology (the discovery of the first experimental laboratory at the end of the last century, 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt), psychology became an independent science.
Fifth The difference, and at the same time the advantage, of scientific psychology is that it has extensive, varied and sometimes unique factual material, inaccessible in its entirety to any bearer of everyday psychology. This material is accumulated and comprehended, including in special branches of psychological science, such as developmental psychology, educational psychology, patho- and neuropsychology, labor psychology and engineering psychology, social psychology, zoopsychology, etc. In these areas, dealing with various stages and levels of mental development of animals and humans, with mental defects and diseases, with unusual working conditions - conditions of stress, information overload or, conversely, monotony and information hunger, etc. - the psychologist not only expands the range of his research tasks, but and encounters new and unexpected phenomena. After all, examining the operation of a mechanism under conditions of development, breakdown or functional overload from different angles highlights its structure and organization.
So, the main characteristics of everyday and scientific psychology can be reflected in the following table (Table 1):
Table 1 – Characteristics of everyday and scientific psychology
Assignments on topic 1.
Exercise 1. Below is an excerpt from the work of W. James. Write down his arguments in favor of the unscientific nature of psychology. Can you disagree with the author on all these points? Analyze modern stage development of psychological knowledge. Which arguments of William James have been preserved and which have lost their force?
By calling psychology a natural science, we want to say that it currently represents simply a collection of fragmentary empirical data; that philosophical criticism is uncontrollably invading its boundaries from everywhere and that the fundamental foundations of this psychology, its primary data, must be examined from a broader point of view and presented in a completely new light... Even the basic elements and factors in the field of mental phenomena have not been established with due accuracy . What is psychology at this moment? A bunch of raw factual material, a fair amount of disagreement in opinions, a number of weak attempts at classification and empirical generalizations of a purely descriptive nature, a deeply rooted prejudice that we have states of consciousness, and our brain determines their existence, but in psychology there is not a single law in the sense that As we use this word in the field of physical phenomena, there is not a single position from which consequences could be derived deductively. We do not even know those factors between which relationships in the form of elementary mental acts could be established. In short, psychology is not yet a science, it is something that promises to become a science in the future.
Task 2. Determine which of these statements carry psychological information and which do not, and why. Give some of your statements (by analogy).
1. Today he bought himself new black shoes.
2. Recently, unexpectedly for everyone, she changed her hair color.
3. They always say about him that he looks like an old baby.
4. She lives at the old address.
5. He developed wrinkles on his forehead very early.
6. What beautiful eyes he has!
7. You can’t help but succumb to this man’s charm.
8. He looks different every day.
Task 3. Comment on the following common opinions about psychologists, determine the differences between the position of a consulting psychologist and the position of a doctor, teacher, lawyer, social worker, priest. Show the specifics of the actual psychological functions.
1. In the everyday consciousness, a psychologist is a doctor, something like a healer of human souls. A doctor helps in case of physical suffering, and a psychologist should help in case of mental and emotional suffering.
2. The strange modern hybrid “teacher-psychologist” is based on the belief that a teacher and a psychologist are essentially doing the same thing - educating and re-educating other people, having a formative influence on the individual.
3. A psychologist, like a lawyer, looks at the client from the point of view of his rights, responsibilities and interests. Thus, the school psychologist also protects the interests of the student before the school administration and parents. And if he works in the “Marriage and Family” consultation system, he must “reconcile” divorcing spouses and in general often acts as an arbitrator.
4. A psychologist is a social worker, because he represents the interests of the client in society: he participates in resolving social conflicts over the division of living space, over who and how should care for elderly parents, speaks in processes for deprivation of parental rights, etc. d.
5. Psychologists in modern society carry out the same functions that were previously performed by confessors and priests. They listen to the client, console him, encourage him, “forgive sins” by rationalizing them, justifying their unseemly actions in the eyes of the client, suggesting ways out of difficult situations, and giving advice.
Task 4. Comment on the following opinion. Answer the question posed. Give at least 5 reasons for and against.
Psychology is not a science, but the most everyday practice! Look at taxi drivers, waiters, fortune tellers, beggars - why aren't they psychologists? Gain trust, timely focus on your words and states, force you to open up, believe, trust, guess your mood, social status, character traits, and then take advantage of all this - and here, “real” psychologists have a lot to learn!
Task 5. Analyze the following myths about psychology and psychologists:
1. Psychology is a science that knows everything about a person and his soul, and a psychologist who has mastered this science is a person who “sees through people.”
2. A psychologist is a person who is naturally endowed with special abilities to communicate with others and understand others.
3. Psychologist is a person who knows how to control the behavior, feelings, thoughts of others, specially trained for this and mastering the appropriate techniques (for example, hypnosis).
4. A psychologist is a person who knows himself thoroughly and controls himself in any circumstances.
5. A psychologist is a sage who knows more about life than others, and his mission is to show the true path to suffering, confused people with advice and guidance.
Psychology as a science originated in Ancient Greece and is still a relevant field. Based on the treatises and works of scientists, mechanisms, models and systems have been developed to study the behavior, perception, awareness and adaptability of a person in society. Let's learn a brief history of psychology, and also get acquainted with famous figures who made a huge contribution to the development of this humanitarian science.
A Brief History of Psychology
Where did it all start? How did psychology emerge as a science? In fact, this branch is closely connected with philosophy, history, and sociology. Today, psychology actively interacts with biology and neuropsychology, despite the fact that initially scientists in this field tried to find evidence of the existence of the soul in the human body. The name itself comes from two derivatives: logos (“teaching”) and psycho (“soul”). It was only after the 18th century that scientists made a subtle connection between the very definition of science and human character. And so a new concept of psychology appeared - researchers began to build psychoanalysis, study the behavior of each person, identify categories and pathologies that affect interests, adaptability, mood and life choices.
Many great psychologists, such as S. Rubinstein and R. Goklenius, noted that this science is important in human knowledge. From time immemorial, researchers have been studying the connection between reason and religion, faith and spirituality, consciousness and behavior.
What it is
Psychology as an independent science studies mental processes, human interaction with the outside world and behavior in it. The main object in the teaching is the psyche, which translated from ancient Greek means “spiritual”. In other words, the psyche is the realized actions of a person, which are based on primary knowledge about reality.
Brief theses defining psychology:
- This is a way of knowing yourself, your inner and, of course, the world around you.
- This is a “spiritual” science, because it forces us to constantly develop, asking eternal questions: who am I, why am I in this world. That is why there is a subtle connection between psychology and sciences such as philosophy and sociology.
- This is a science that studies the interaction of the external world with the psyche and its influence on others. Thanks to numerous studies, a new branch was created - psychiatry, where scientists began to identify pathologies and psychological disorders, as well as stop them, treat them, or completely destroy them.
- This is the beginning of the spiritual path, where great psychologists, together with philosophers, sought to study the connection between the spiritual and material world. Despite the fact that today the awareness of spiritual unity is just a myth that came from the depths of time, psychology reflects a certain meaning of being - ordered, cultivated, organized thousands of years later.
What does psychology study?
Let's answer the main question - what does the science of psychology study? First of all, all mental processes and their components. Researchers have found that these processes can be divided into three types: will, feelings, cognition. These include human thinking, memory, emotions, goals, and decision making. This is where the second phenomenon that science studies appears - mental states. What psychology studies:
- Processes. Attention, speech, sensitivity, affect and stress, feelings and motives, representation and curiosity.
- States. Fatigue and emotional outbursts, satisfaction and apathy, depression and happiness.
- Properties. Abilities, unique character traits, types of temperament.
- Education. Habits, skills, areas of knowledge, abilities, adaptability, personal traits.
Let's now begin to formulate an answer to the main question - how did psychology emerge as a science? Initially, researchers paid attention to simple mental phenomena, which they began to observe. It was noted that any mental process can last just a few seconds or more, sometimes reaching 30-60 minutes. This caused and subsequently all mental activity of people was classified as complex brain processes.
Today science studies each individual individually, identifying new mental phenomena, although previously everything was divided into several types. Feelings of depression, causes of irritation, absent-mindedness, mood swings, character and temperament formation, self-development and evolution are only a small part of what influenced the development of psychology as a science.
The main tasks of science
How did psychology emerge as a science? It all started when thinkers and philosophers began to pay attention to mental processes. This became the main objective of the teaching. Researchers analyzed the features of all processes directly related to the psyche. They believed that this direction reflects reality, that is, all events influence the psycho-emotional state of a person, which prompts him to take one action or another.
Analysis of all phenomena related to the psyche and their development is the second task of science. Then a third, important stage in psychology appeared - the study of all the physiological mechanisms that control mental phenomena.
If we talk about the tasks briefly, we can divide them into several points:
- Psychology should teach us to understand all psychological processes.
- After this, we learn to control them, and then completely manage them.
- We direct all knowledge into the development of psychology, which is closely related to many humanities and natural sciences.
Thanks to the main tasks, fundamental psychology (that is, science for the sake of science) was divided into several branches, which include the study of children's characters, behavior in the work environment, temperament and traits of creative, technical and sports individuals.
Techniques used by science
All stages of the development of psychology as a science are associated with great minds, thinkers and philosophers, who developed an absolutely unique field that studies the behavior, character and skills of people. History confirms that the founders of the doctrine were Hippocrates, Plato and Aristotle - authors and researchers of antiquity. It was they who suggested (of course, at different periods of time) that there are several types of temperament that are reflected in behavior and goals.
Psychology, before becoming a full-fledged science, has come a long way and affected almost every famous philosopher, doctor and biologist. One of these representatives is Thomas Aquinas and Avicenna. Later, at the end of the 16th century, Rene Descartes participated in the development of psychology. In his opinion, the soul is a substance within a substance. It was Descartes who first introduced the word “dualism” into use, which means the presence of spiritual energy inside the physical body, which cooperate very closely with each other. Reason, as the philosopher established, is the manifestation of our soul. Despite the fact that many of the scientist’s theories were ridiculed and refuted several centuries later, he became the main founder of psychology as a science.
Immediately after the works of Rene Descartes, new treatises and teachings began to appear, written by Otto Kasman, Rudolf Gocklenius, Sergei Rubinshein, and William James. They went further and began to promulgate new theories. For example, W. James at the end of the 19th century proved the existence of a stream of consciousness through clinical research. The main task of the philosopher and psychologist was to discover not only the soul, but also its structure. James proposed that we are a dual being, inhabited by both subject and object. Let's look at the contributions of other equally significant scientists, such as Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt and Carl Gustav Jung, etc.
S. Rubinstein
Sergei Leonidovich Rubinstein is one of the founders of a new school in psychology. He worked at the beginning of the 20th century at Moscow State University, was a teacher and at the same time conducted research. Sergei Leonidovich Rubinstein's main contribution was made to educational psychology, logic and history. He studied in detail personality types, their temperament and emotions. It was Rubinstein who created the well-known principle of determinism, which meant that all human actions and actions are directly related to the external (surrounding) world. Thanks to his research, he was awarded numerous medals, orders and prizes.
Sergei Leonidovich described his theories in detail in books, which were subsequently put into circulation. These include “The Principle of Creative Amateur Performance” and “Problems of Psychology in the Works of Karl Marx.” In his second work, Rubinstein considered society as a single whole that follows a single path. To do this, the scientist had to conduct a deep analysis of the Soviet people and compare them with foreign psychology.
Sergei Leonidovich also became the founder of the study of personalities, but, unfortunately, he was unable to complete the work. However, his contribution significantly advanced the development of Russian psychology and strengthened its status as a science.
O. Kasman
Otto Kasmann played a significant role in psychology, despite the fact that for a long period he was the main pastor and theologian in the German city of Stade. It was this public religious figure who called all psychic phenomena scientific objects. There is practically no information about this founder, since quite a lot of events happened over four centuries. However, Otto Kasmann left us valuable works called Psychologia anthropologica and Angelographia.
The theologian and activist made adjustments to the term “anthropology” and explained that the biological nature of man is directly related to the abstract world. Despite the fact that Kasman made an invaluable contribution to psychology, the pastor himself carefully studied anthropology and tried to draw a parallel between this teaching and philosophy.
R. Gocklenius
Rudolf Gocklenius is an important link in psychology, despite the fact that he was a doctor of physical, mathematical and medical sciences. The scientist lived in the 16th and 17th centuries and during his long life he created many important works. Like Otto Kasmann, Goklenius began to use the word “psychology” in everyday life.
An interesting fact, but Goklenius was Kasman’s personal teacher. After receiving his doctorate, Rudolf began to study philosophy and psychology in detail. That is why today we are familiar with the name of Goclenius, because he was a representative of neo-scholasticism, which combined both religion and philosophical teachings. Well, since the scientist lived and worked in Europe, he spoke on behalf of the Catholic Church, which created a new direction of scholasticism - neo-scholasticism.
W. Wundt
The name of Wundt is known in psychology as well as Jung and Rubinstein. Wilhelm Maximilian lived in the 19th century and was an active practitioner of experimental psychology. This movement included non-standard and unique practices that made it possible to study all psychological phenomena.
Like Rubinstein, Wundt studied determinism, objectivity, and the fine line between human activity and consciousness. The main feature of the scientist is that he was an experienced physiologist who understood all the physical processes of living organisms. To some extent, it was much easier for Wilhelm Maximilian to devote his life to such a science as psychology. Over the course of his life, he trained dozens of figures, including Bekhterev and Serebrenikov.
Wundt sought to understand how our mind works, so he often conducted experiments that allowed him to figure out chemical reactions in the body. It was the work of this scientist that laid the foundation for the creation and promotion of such a science as neuropsychology. Wilhelm Maximilian loved to observe people's behavior in different situations, so he developed a unique technique - introspection. Since Wundt himself was also an inventor, many experiments were worked out by the scientist himself. However, introspection did not include the use of devices or instruments, but only observation, as a rule, of one’s own mental phenomena and processes.
K. Jung
Jung is perhaps one of the most popular and ambitious scientists who devoted his life to psychology and psychiatry. Moreover, the figure not only tried to understand psychological phenomena, he also opened a new direction - analytical psychology.
Jung carefully worked out the archetypes or structures (patterns of behavior) that come into being with a person. The scientist carefully studied each character and temperament, connected them with one link and supplemented them with new information by observing his patients. Jung also proved that several people, being in a single team, can unconsciously perform similar actions. And it was thanks to these works that the scientist began to analyze the individuality of each person, to study whether it exists at all.
It was this figure who suggested that all archetypes are innate, but their main feature is that they develop over hundreds of years and are passed on from generation to generation. Subsequently, all types directly influence our choices, actions, feelings and emotions.
Who is a psychologist today?
Today, a psychologist, unlike a philosopher, must obtain at least a bachelor's degree from a university in order to practice and research. He is a representative of his science and is called upon not only to provide psychological assistance, but also to contribute to the development of his activities. What does a professional psychologist do:
- Reveals archetypes and establishes the character and temperament of the individual.
- Analyzes the behavior of his patient, identifies the root cause and eradicates it if necessary. This allows you to change your lifestyle, get rid of negative thoughts and help you find motivation and purpose.
- Helps to get out of a depressed state, get rid of apathy, discover the meaning of life and start looking for it.
- Struggling with psychological trauma that occurred either in childhood or throughout life.
- Analyzes the patient's behavior in society and also finds the root cause. As a rule, in many cases important role The situation in the family, relationships with peers, relatives and just strangers play a role.
A psychologist should not be confused with a psychiatrist. The second is a scientist who has received a medical degree and has the right to engage in diagnosis and treatment. It identifies, analyzes and examines mental disorders from the most minor and subtle to the most aggressive. The psychiatrist's task is to determine whether a person is sick or not. If a deviation is detected, the doctor develops a unique technique that can help the patient, relieve his symptoms or completely cure him. Despite widespread controversy, it has been concluded that a psychiatrist is not a medical specialist, although he works directly with patients and various medications.
Psychology is relevant and important in the life of each of us. This science is a shining example human evolution, when, asking ourselves countless questions, we developed and each time stepped onto a new step. She studies the type of people, the phenomena when in different situations they unite in groups, disperse and lead a lonely lifestyle, show aggression, or, conversely, experience emotional overexcitation and happiness. Motivation, goals, depression and apathy, values and experiences - this is only a small part that is studied by such a unique science as psychology.
Psychology test with answers ( I well)
1. Psychology as an independent science arose:
A) In the middle of the 19th century
B) At the beginning of the 20th century
B) In ancient times
2. Subject of psychology:
A) Science of the soul
B) Science of consciousness
B) Behavioral science
First, psychology developed as a science of the soul, then it was a science of consciousness, then as a science of behavior.3. Within what tradition of philosophical research did they develop?
psychological ideas:
A)Materialistic
B) idealistic
Materialism and idealism in psychology developed and argued with each other.
4. Who first defined consciousness as a criterion of the psyche:
A) Goklenius
B) Descartes
B) Spinoza
5.The term “psychology” was introduced:
A) In ancient times
B)In the 16th century
6. Who first introduced the term “psychology”:
A) Bacon
B) Spinoza
IN)Goklenius
7. Which philosopher introduced the concept of reflex into scientific use.
A)Descartes
B) Bacon
B) Spinoza
D) Paracelsus
8. The founder of the scientific movement “structuralism” is:
A)W. Wundt
B) W. James
B) J. Cattell
D) E. Titchener
9. The concept of "stream of consciousness" was put forward within the framework
:
A) functionalism
B) Structuralism
B) Voluntarism
G) Psychoanalysis
10.Fill in the missing words
V. Bekhterev introduced the concept of combination-motor reflex into scientific use
11. Is the statement true:
11.1.I. Pavlov denied the possibility of the existence of psychology as a separate science.
11.2L. Vygotsky opposed psychotechnics as an unreasonably mechanistic view of the human psyche.
11.3 The “Pavlovian session” of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1950 marked the defeat of pedology as a science.
11.4. Gestalt therapy by F. Perls is the development and continuation of Gestalt psychology.
11.5 The main reason for the split between S. Freud and A. Adler was A. Adler’s assertion that socio-psychological factors play a leading role in human development.
12.
IN
a) operant conditioning
2) K.G. Jung -G
b) dynamic installation
3) V. Frankl -D
c) inferiority complex
4) D. Uznadze -B
d) archetype
5) B. Skinner -A
e) logotherapy
13. Establish the relationship between concepts
G
A. Humanistic psychology
2. E. Fromm -D
b. Existential psychology
3. R. May -B
V. Individual psychology
4. A. Maslow -A
5. A. Adler -IN
d. Humanistic psychoanalysis
14. Establish the relationship between concepts
G
A. Only freedom and independence from everything and everyone.
2. Hedonists -IN
B. “Friends, wisdom and freedom - this is our motto”
3. Cynics- A
B. Life is worth living for pleasures and pleasures
4. Epicureans -B
D. Calmly endure all the blows of fate
15. Establish the relationship between concepts
B
A. Believed that everything in the world obeys the law of nature
2. Aristotle -D
B. “Our troubles come from the fact that we have erroneous expectations from the world.”
3. Seneca -A
V. Was distinguished by extreme asceticism and unpretentiousness
4. Diogenes -IN
D. Man is free and for her sake he is ready to go even to death, trampling his own nature
5. Plato- E
D. “If the eye is the body, then the soul is vision”
6. Democritus -G
E. “There are two worlds - material and ideal”
16. Establish the relationship between concepts
D
A. “Totem and Taboo”
2. S. Freud- A
B. “Thinking and Speech”
3. L.S. Vygotsky -B
V. “Fundamentals of physiological psychology”
4. W. Wundt -IN
G. “Fundamentals of Psychology” (“Principles of Psychology”)
5. W. James -G
D. “Escape from Freedom”