Propolis - everything about its properties, composition and use. Propolis: properties and applications. How to benefit from propolis? What is propolis made of?

Propolis contains more than 50 substances. All of them, based on the commonality of some properties, are combined into four groups: resins, balms, essential oils and wax (Table 13). Sometimes essential oils and tannins are also classified as balms. Resins consist mainly of organic acids, among which are cinnamic, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic, caffeic, ferulic, etc., and cinnamic alcohol has also been found.

Balms are complex products containing essential oils, tannins, terpenoids, aromatic aldehydes (including isovaline).

Essential oils determine the aroma and partly the taste of propolis. They are a sum of substances of semi-solid consistency, light yellow in color, with a strong, unique odor and a bitter taste with a burning tint. Their composition depends primarily on the type of plants and the area of their growth.

Propolis wax is usually of a soft consistency, light-colored. Even in different places of the same hive, propolis contains different amounts of wax. Thus, there is more of it in propolis collected at the entrance and on the walls of the hive, and less in propolis collected from canvases and frames.

The biological properties of propolis are explained primarily by the presence of significant amounts of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids). Research by Soviet scientists S. A. Popravke S. E. Palmbach, A. I. Tikhonov, V. I. Litvinenko, L. I. Dranika and others showed that propolis contains flavones (chrysin, tectochrysin, luteolin, apigenin etc.), flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, galangin, isialpinin, rhamnocitrin), flavonones (pinocembrin, pinostrobin, etc.), phenolic acids (trans-caffeine, trans-coumaric, trans-ferulic, cinnamic, vanillic, n-hydroxybenzoic and etc.). The presence of terpenoids α-acetoxybetulenol, bisabolol and the aromatic aldehyde isovaline (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) was also established. It also contains benzoic acid, which has a pronounced ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Esters of these acids with coniferyl, cinnamic, n-coumaric and other alcohols have also been isolated.

The acids that make up propolis - ferulic, caffeic, benzoic, etc. - are biologically active substances. They exhibit a pronounced antibacterial effect. Thus, according to Czechoslovak scientists I. Cizmarik and I. Matel (1979), ferulic acid actively inhibits the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. In addition, phenolic acids have an astringent effect, which promotes the healing of wounds and ulcers. Research in recent years has shown that these compounds also have choleretic, diuretic, capillary-strengthening and anti-inflammatory effects.

In propolis, an unsaturated fatty acid is constantly found - 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, which enters the product with secretions of the mandibular glands of worker bees. It is believed that its presence determines its antioxidant properties. T.V. Vakhonina (1976) convincingly proved that beeswax, as well as that part of propolis that is insoluble in alcohol, ether and a mixture of these solvents, does not have the antioxidant effectiveness characteristic of propolis.

The composition of propolis minerals is varied. Using modern methods of analysis, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, as well as numerous micro- and ultramicroelements, including aluminum, vanadium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, silicon, strontium, selenium, zirconium, mercury, fluorine, antimony, cobalt, etc. Propolis is especially distinguished by the presence of increased amounts of zinc and manganese. It is known that zinc, manganese and copper promote the processes of growth, development and reproduction, perform important functions in the process of hematopoiesis (along with cobalt), regulate metabolism, and have a positive effect on the functions of the gonads. It has been shown that zinc has the ability to increase the duration of action of the pancreatic hormone insulin. It also improves visual acuity.

Propolis contains numerous vitamins, but in small quantities: B 1 (4 - 4.5 µg/g), B 2 (20 - 30 µg/g), B 6 (4.5 - 6 µg/g). The presence of vitamins A, E, nicotinic and pantothenic acids has also been established.

Propolis is not rich in nitrogen-containing substances - proteins, amides, amines, amino acids. The total amount of nitrogen does not exceed 0.7%. 17 amino acids were found in propolis (aspartic, glutamic, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, cystine, methionine, valine, series, glycocol, histidine, arginine, proline, tyrosine, threonine, alanine, lysine), but their content is low.

The biological activity of propolis still cannot be associated with any individual compound or group of related substances. Most likely it is due to the action of the entire complex chemical compounds included in the product. It should only be noted that the biological properties of propolis are very diverse. It has antiseptic (antimicrobial) activity, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, wound healing. Stimulates tissue regeneration, increases the body's immunological reactivity, delays seed germination, and inhibits plant growth.

Fundamental research into the antimicrobial effect of propolis was carried out by V.P. Kivalkina (1978). Having studied the effect of propolis on 74 strains of microorganisms, which belong to 19 pathogenic and non-pathogenic species, she found that different kinds(and strains) of microorganisms show unequal sensitivity to propolis: it kills some, while in others it only retards growth and development. Gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive to propolis.

Georgian researchers Z. A. Makashvili, G. K. Katsitadze and N. K. Sakvarelidze (1975), studying the antimicrobial properties of propolis solutions in vegetable oil and glycerin, found that in concentrations of 1:25 - 1:100 they retard the growth of gram-positive microbes, for example, white and aureus staphylococci, hemolytic streptococcus and other pyogenic microorganisms, with virtually no effect on E. coli, pathogens of dysentery (Sonne, Flexner, etc.), typhoid fever, paratyphoid B, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus and other gram-negative microbes.

Aqueous, alcoholic, glycerin, and oil solutions of propolis have an antimicrobial effect, and this effect is directly proportional to the concentration of the solutions, i.e. 10% solutions are much more effective than 1 - 5% solutions.

Interesting information is reported by Polish researchers S. Sheller, Zh. Tustanovsky and Z. Parandovsky (1982): a number of staphylococcal strains that exhibit resistance to antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, terramycin, etc.) are sensitive to the antibacterial effect of propolis. Propolis also has a detrimental effect on certain types of pathogenic fungi from the genus Candida, mold and alcohol yeast.

An important property of propolis is its destructive effect on the causative agent (mycobacterium) of tuberculosis, and the most powerful effect on the human type pathogen.

In high concentrations, propolis inhibits the growth of a number of gram-negative bacteria - pathogens of paratyphoid fever, toxic infections, persistent wound infections that are difficult to treat with antibiotics. Unlike the latter, propolis does not cause resistance of microorganisms to itself, does not affect the composition of the intestinal microflora, and does not lead to dysbacteriosis with prolonged oral use. When prescribed together with antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, neomycin, monomycin, oleandomycin, polymyxin), it increases the effectiveness and duration of action of the latter. There is also evidence that propolis, prescribed with honey and royal jelly, has a detrimental effect on the influenza A 2 virus and the vesicular stomatitis virus.

The antiseptic properties of propolis are associated with the presence of a number of phenolic compounds - caffeic acid esters, benzene ester of paracoumaric acid, benzoic and ferulic acids, as well as flavonoids.

Data received in last years, indicate the high effectiveness of using propolis preparations for the treatment of fungal diseases of the skin and scalp caused by pathogenic fungi. Romanian scientists (M. Ialomiceanu et al., 1982) have proven the special sensitivity to propolis of pathogenic fungi of the genus Candida, which cause severe damage to the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, digestive tract, respiratory and genital organs (candidomycosis), often occurring as complications during prolonged treatment with antibiotics. Already at a concentration of 0.01%, propolis sharply inhibits the growth and development of these fungi.

Propolis and its preparations exhibit a distinct anti-inflammatory and capillary-strengthening effect in the treatment of inflammatory processes caused by infectious agents. This side of the action is associated with the presence of a number of flavonoids in propolis, primarily acacetin and quercetin (S. Shkenderov, Ts. Ivanov, 1985).

Very small doses of propolis (0.1 mg/kg), when taken systematically, inhibit platelet aggregation (sticking together) and thus play a role in the prevention and treatment of blood vessel thrombosis. Propolis increases the body's immunological reactivity and also has an analgesic effect. Adding a 0.03% aqueous or alcohol solution to solutions of cocaine or novocaine significantly enhances the depth and duration of their action (S. Shkenderov, 1985).

The antimicrobial effectiveness of propolis does not decrease when stored for 3 to 4 years. Substances that cause bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects are resistant to high temperatures and are practically not destroyed when solutions are heated.

However, it should be noted that along with the numerous positive properties of propolis, its ability to cause allergic reactions was also discovered (A. V. Artomasova, 1975). As a rule, they appear in individuals suffering from hypersensitivity to bee stings. Allergies manifest themselves in the form of dermatitis, which occurs acutely, often with an increase in temperature to 38° and above. Most often, increased sensitivity to propolis occurs in people suffering from allergic diseases - bronchial asthma, eczema, urticaria, diathesis, etc. Sometimes the cause of allergies is long-term inhalation with propolis. The question of what causes the allergy: propolis itself or bee protein, which is usually an admixture in the product, remains controversial.

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Propolis is a resinous substance produced during the activity of bees. This product, like honey, is made from plant elements. It has a number of useful qualities, thanks to which it is widely used in medicine.

What is propolis and what is the origin of the product?

Propolis is the second most popular product after honey, produced by bees. This substance has a thick consistency with a brown or green color. Propolis is used by bees for technical purposes.

For a long period, scientists could not determine the chemical composition and formula of the substance. For this reason, there was no consensus regarding the production of propolis. Experts in the field of studying bees have put forward three theories answering the question of the origin of propolis:

according to the first theory, this substance is based on resin collected by bees, which appears on the bark and buds of poplar, birch, willow, chestnut, as well as a number of coniferous and deciduous plants;
the second theory involves the production of propolis when bees process pollen;
the third theory did not find many followers, and existed as an assumption that propolis is produced by bees processing not pollen, but other plant products.

German scientists adhered to the theory that bees collect and bring propolis resin in the same way as pollen, but unload it in a different way.

There is still no consensus on the origin of propolis. The theory linking the production of this substance with the collection of resin secreted from the bark and buds of plants was rejected. This decision is due to the fact that bees produce propolis annually, and the resin on the buds and bark lasts for a short period.

But later a number of experts proved that propolis cannot be formed from pollen. Studies were also carried out that showed that it contains birch, aspen and poplar elements. Thus, there is evidence that propolis is created on the basis of plant components.

You can learn more about the rules, features and conditions for independently collecting propolis by watching this video:

Composition of propolis

Propolis does not have a single composition. It depends on:

what plants were used to collect resources;
what condition the bees were in at the time of collection;
what time of year the substance was produced.

For a long period it was believed that propolis was characterized by an unstable formula. But later 16 classes of organic substances contained in this product were established. The composition also includes active biological elements, among which more than 100 variations are known. The most important of them are: polyphenols, alcohols and aldehydes.

In percentage terms, propolis includes:

resins and pollen balm (50-60%);
wax added by bees (30%);
various options plant substances with individual properties (10%).

Despite the fact that propolis is not made from pollen, the content of this component in it reaches almost 5%.

Components in the first two categories are present in any propolis. They are responsible for the viscous consistency of the product, thanks to which it received the name “bee glue”. The components in the last category are the least studied. Scientists are still discovering new substances in propolis that were not previously known. Many of them are natural antibiotics.

Bee glue has strong antibacterial properties, the effect of which is ensured by the acids present in it:

ferulic (reduces bacterial growth);
benzoin (inhibition of the development of pathogenic microbes);
other phenolic acids that have an astringent, choleretic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory effect.

Much of the antibacterial properties of bee glue come from essential oils. Pinocembrin is responsible for antifungal functions. Caffeic acid ester has similar capabilities.

Propolis contains almost the entire volume of chemical elements necessary for humans. There is a high percentage of calcium content. The product includes vitamins: B1, B2, B6, C, E, H, P. It has one of the highest levels of flavonoids. Just like other products made by bees, propolis contains enzymes. These elements enter the substance in two ways: they are formed from the secretion of bee glands, then added to the resin, and supplied by the trees from which the resource was collected.

The number of amino acids in propolis varies from 8 to 17. Propolis containing sugar, fatty acids and oils in large quantities is considered more useful for treatment.

For medicine, the most important properties of propolis are those that allow them to destroy harmful bacteria. This substance effectively fights microorganisms that are harmful to human health. Propolis helps with treatment:

tuberculosis bacillus;
influenza virus;
Trichomonas;
herpes virus;
candidiasis;
fungal diseases;
hepatitis A.

Propolis destroys and removes harmful bacteria from the body, but does not have a negative effect on human microflora. Propolis is one of the few substances with antibiotic properties that do not cause dysbacteriosis.

Among the beneficial functions of propolis are:

disinfection from bacteria, viruses and fungi in the treatment of chronic diseases;
stabilization of vascular walls and capillaries, improving blood circulation;
eliminating inflammation, reducing swelling, reducing the permeability of vascular walls, and pain in places affected by infection;
supplying the body with nutrients and vitamins;
pain reduction;
supply of vitamins that provide an antioxidant effect;
strengthening immunity;
improving metabolism in the body;
prevention and treatment of tumors.

Propolis can be used even in the absence of health problems for the purpose of prevention. It prevents the occurrence of viral infections in humans. The advantage of propolis over other drugs is that microorganisms do not develop resistance to it after prolonged use. This feature is associated with the chemical composition of the substance containing elements from various plants, each of which has its own protective qualities.

If propolis is used in conjunction with antibiotics, it enhances their capabilities.

Scope of application

Propolis is effective for:

stomach ulcer– taking oils and alcohol tincture enhances the effect of other medications, relieves inflammation, reduces pain, accelerates healing;
helicobacter– the use of water and alcohol tinctures based on propolis helps to destroy bacteria that provoke the development of gastrointestinal diseases;
gastritis – consuming pure propolis, or as tinctures, helps reduce the symptoms of the disease;
nail fungus– the use of infusions externally eliminates itching and inflammation, inhibits the development of fungus, due to which the diseased nail is gradually replaced by a healthy one;
pancreatitis – combined use of alcohol tincture with medications helps improve the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and relieve inflammation of the pancreas;
hemorrhoids– suppositories, ointments and microenemas, which contain propolis, help eliminate the disease;
sinusitis– tinctures, drops and inhalations with propolis treat the disease due to its antibiotic effect;
gastroduodenitis– using the tincture eliminates inflammation, prevents the development of irritation, ensuring healing;
liver diseases– accelerates cell recovery without harming the body (treatment is carried out only in conjunction with other medications);
gum diseases– chewing and applying pure propolis eliminates bleeding, unpleasant odor, inflammation, and harmful bacteria;
bronchitis– the use of tinctures, inhalations and chewing of pure propolis relieves inflammation of the respiratory system, softens the symptoms of the disease, and speeds up treatment;
prostatitis – the use of suppositories containing propolis helps eliminate the disease;
endometriosis– the use of tinctures and special candles is recommended.
intestinal diseases– propolis relieves inflammation, restores damaged tissue, speeds up treatment when used together with other medications;
sore throat– alcohol tincture or rinse solution with propolis relieves irritation in the throat and improves immunity;
acne– applying special plates soaked in propolis tincture to the affected areas, or using ointments reduces the manifestation of symptoms.

How to use propolis correctly?

Propolis is widespread in both folk and official medicine. At the pharmacy you can buy a number of drugs that contain propolis. Despite this, it is believed that folk remedies are more effective for treatment.

Release forms

Propolis is contained in 11 medical preparations available for purchase in pharmacies:

Propolis (alcohol solution) with 20% content of the active component for disinfection of the oral cavity, treatment of the respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract.
– an aerosol for the treatment of various diseases of the oral cavity.
– an ointment intended for the treatment and prevention of vascular diseases, atherosclerosis, osteochondrosis.
– cream for the treatment of skin diseases and injuries (including burns and frostbite).
– a drug for treating mucous membranes, eliminating pain and strengthening the walls of blood vessels.
– a product for external use to eliminate inflammation and treat skin diseases (including chronic ones).

Despite the absence of toxic consequences for the body, the listed drugs should be used strictly according to the recommendations of doctors.

Homemade propolis treatment recipes

Propolis in its pure form is considered the most useful. This method of use involves chewing the product. If you just swallow it, the effect is much less. For treatment, you need to chew or dissolve propolis for a quarter of an hour. This method of application helps treat oral infections and colds.

Propolis is swallowed in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases accompanied by inflammatory processes. In this case, the substance is taken three times a day. The volume of the product for one dose is 5 grams.

If you have rheumatic pain, pure unprepared propolis can be applied to the sore spot.

For preventive purposes, propolis is mixed with honey in a ratio of 1 to 4, and taken once a day before bed. The volume of one dose is 1 teaspoon. This procedure strengthens the immune system, so it is recommended in the autumn and spring seasons.

As an analogue for the treatment of diseases of the oral cavity, rinses can be performed. To do this, propolis is diluted with water in a ratio of 1 to 10 and slightly heated. The resulting substance does not pose a risk if accidentally ingested.

Alcohol tincture of propolis can be used both internally and externally. It removes toxins, reduces inflammation, and improves overall health. The medicine is prepared according to the following scheme:

1 liter of 95 percent alcohol and 200 grams of crushed propolis are mixed in a glass container;
the substance is placed in a dark and warm place;
The tincture can be used after two weeks.

When exposed externally, the substance treats skin diseases and festering wounds. Internal use is recommended for the treatment of colds. 1 teaspoon of tincture is diluted with 3-4 tablespoons of water and taken 1 hour before meals.

Inhalation

Inhalation with propolis helps treat sore throat, runny nose, flu, bronchitis, and other colds. To prepare inhalation you will need:

mix 300 milliliters of water, 50 grams of propolis, 40 grams of wax in an enamel-coated container;
place the mixture in a water bath;
breathe in vapors from the substance for no longer than a quarter of an hour.

To obtain the effect, the duration of treatment is 10 days. This method also improves the condition of tuberculosis.

The advantage of propolis is that after boiling for an hour, it retains useful elements.

Ointment

Propolis-based ointment is used exclusively externally. To prepare this medicine, use the following recipe:

70 grams of petroleum jelly, 20 grams of lanolin, and 15 grams of propolis are placed in a container with an enamel surface;
the container is lowered into water with boiling water, where it is given a steam bath for 10 minutes;
the mixture is filtered using double-layer gauze and then left to harden.

The ointment is applied to diseased areas for diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, heals wounds and cuts, reduces pain and speeds up recovery from burns and frostbite.

Propolis, or oza, is a sticky substance that serves bees to seal holes, smooth out the gradation of the hive, and protect it from cold or heat. Bees extract this glue from the buds of various trees (birch, alder).

Propolis has a yellow or reddish-brown color, depending on the source. The smell is pungent, but aromatic, the taste is bitter. This beekeeping product is widely used in medicine, helps with skin diseases, stomach ulcers, neuritis, radiculitis, stimulates specific and non-specific immunity factors, thereby protecting the human body.

Chemical composition of propolis

Propolis has a complex chemical composition, which depends on the characteristics of bees, flora around the apiary, climate, and weather conditions. Its structure includes about 300 compounds.

Percentage composition of propolis:

50% resinous elements;
30% wax (carboxylic acids, esters);
10% essential oils;
5% ;
5% other substances (crystalline compounds: quercetin, flavone, isovanillin).

Propolis also contains organic acids (benzoic, ferulic), sugars (fructose and glucose) and bioflavonoids. Propolis is also rich in chemicals such as potassium, iron, calcium, barium, etc. The composition also contains mechanical impurities.

Among the vitamins one can distinguish group B, A, C, E, H, and also aminocarboxylic acids: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic and aminobutyric acids, phenylalanine, others. Propolis also contains a variety of enzymes.

Today, scientists are working to study chemical composition propolis, revealing previously unknown components.

Properties of bee propolis

This product is extraordinary, it is characterized by an antiseptic nature. It is able to fight viruses, fungi and bacteria. Flavonoids, which are present in uz, are able to resist inflammatory processes in diseases of the joints and mucous membranes.

It is necessary to talk about the anesthetic properties of propolis, since it is a known fact that propolis has a unique analgesic effect. It is also a good biostimulant. Medicines that contain oza have antitumor, strengthening, and astringent effects.

Composition of propolis tincture

Very useful and effective for various diseases. It quickly copes with fungi and viruses, is a unique anesthetic, and promotes metabolism.

Composition of propolis tincture:

propolis itself, cut into small pieces;
96% medical alcohol solution (or 40%, but high quality).

The taste of this product is bitter, but the tongue feels an analgesic effect. This tincture is capable of not losing its healing properties for many years (3-5), but it must be stored in a tightly sealed container in a cool room where the rays of the sun will not reach.

Composition of propolis ointment

There are different ointments of bee glue (5,10,15,20,30 or 40%). Accordingly, this is 5.10, ... g of crushed propolis, to which Vaseline, oil or other fatty product will be added.

Bee glue ointment has a yellowish-green color, a peculiar smell and a bitter taste. The entire wax, approximately 1% of phenolic compounds, as well as some essential oils are extracted from this ointment, but despite this, a number of active substances will still remain in this preparation.

Propolis ointment has the following properties:

antimicrobial;
anesthetic;
anti-inflammatory;
This ointment can be swallowed; when used internally, the immune system will be strengthened.

The ointment is especially valuable for chemical or thermal burns, wounds and ulcers that are difficult to heal, as well as for pulmonary and intestinal tuberculosis.

There is no beekeeper who does not know about propolis, one of the products that can be obtained from the hive. But many people who are far from beekeeping, due to the qualities and characteristics of this substance, are also forced to look for it. And for some people, propolis can be an affordable solution to the problem, but they simply have no idea what it is and how it can be used in everyday life and... treatment. Let's try to fill this gap.

What is propolis?

Essentially a resinous substance produced by bees, it is often also called “bee glue” or “black wax”. The consistency is similar to wax and at above-zero temperatures it is easily deformed, maintaining overall integrity. The smell is quite pleasant; when fresh, propolis smells like pine needles, grass and leaves at the same time; if you set it on fire, the aroma of smoke is associated with church incense. Its color can vary from dark green and yellowish-brown to brown and dark brown. It is edible, but those who dare to try it in its pure form will be stunned by its burning, bitter taste.

Over time, stickiness and plasticity are lost, the substance hardens and darkens (even to black). If you follow the storage rules - keep propolis tightly closed, dry, in a dark place and at a temperature of 15-22 degrees, then its basic properties will remain for at least 10 years.

The process of propolis formation has not yet been precisely established. Initially, it was assumed that oza (another name for propolis) is adhesive substances processed by special secretory enzymes of bees, collected by insects from the buds of a number of trees - alder, poplar, chestnut, and so on. Indeed, worker bees often bring glue on their legs, and may even bite off particles of tree buds. All this is then processed and used. However, over time, it was noticed that only the amount of propolis present in the hive, but not its presence itself, depends on the presence of suitable trees within reach.

Taking into account the fact that propolis always contains pollen, the version of German researchers (Wek, Philipp, Kustenmacher and others) about the internal origin of bee glue has a right to life. Proponents of this theory believe that it is a remnant of the first phase of pollen processing. But in hives located closer to the trees listed above there is always more propolis. It turns out that everyone is right! And propolis can be brought from outside, and created inside. It remains to be understood why the tie is so important for the bees themselves, if they are ready not only to collect it, but also to make it themselves!

Moreover, in the modern world, with a lack of pollen and tree buds (as well as in the case of an excessive selection of propolis by the beekeeper), bees resort to cunning. There have been cases when insects carried tar, plasticine, resin and other materials into the hive, with which they are trying to replace the bond. Therefore, the beekeeper is simply obliged to control the degree of sufficiency of natural raw materials if he does not want a decrease in the quality of the product. And the buyer should be careful when choosing a seller (supplier) of propolis.

Why is propolis in the hive?

Propolis is most noticeable in the form of a film on the walls of the hive and on the frames, as well as in the form of deposits in front of the entrance. By the way, this is precisely what served as the basis for the Greek name of the substance: “pro” - in front, “polis” - fortified city. Therefore, it is easy to understand its obvious functions - sealing joints and narrowing (closing in winter) the entrance to protect the insides of the hive from external influences and intrusions. But bee glue also has other purposes:

Bees add uzou to the wax used to build honeycombs, which increases their ductility and strength. Depending on the region, the proportion of propolis in wax is 5-10 percent.

Before laying, finished honeycombs are always “washed” with propolis, thereby polishing, cleaning and disinfecting them - it contains acids and other substances that destroy microorganisms. By the way, this same property allowed the bees to create a kind of “disinfection gateway” - each bee that flew into the hive was simply forced to “wash itself” by crawling along a hole covered with a knot

Bee glue is also used to fix all the moving parts of the internal structure of the hive, so novice beekeepers often perceive this substance only as an annoying hindrance during maintenance and collection.

When animals of such a large size enter the hive that the bees are not able to carry them out after killing them, for example, mice, the corpses also “roll” into propolis. Such an operation allows you not to be afraid of harmful products of organic decomposition - the animal turns into a mummy.

Thus, there are practically no places in the hive where propolis is not used, and in an accessible form (where the beekeeper can remove the propolis without harming the bees), one swarm per season can “give” from 100 to 300 grams of propolis.

How long have people known about propolis?

People learn many properties of substances thanks to animals and insects, and sometimes they don’t even think about it, but simply start looking for similar uses in imitation. Judging by the history of the use of “black wax”, this is exactly what happened to it...

Ancient Egypt

Of the oldest mentions of bonds, it is worth highlighting the deciphered ancient Egyptian records. According to the data obtained, the priests, who at that time were the people closest to medicine and chemistry, used in their activities a sticky substance obtained from beehives along with honey and wax.

True, the medicinal use of propolis was limited to applying bandages to wounds and burns, and often the patient only got worse due to an incorrectly selected amount (and possibly due to an allergic reaction). But a much more common application was the one discovered by bees - mummification of the dead. Many modern Egyptologists should thank, among other things, propolis, because it was it and several other components that provided work for these lovers of tinkering with mummies.

Ancient Greece

The nation of warriors and thinkers also did not ignore this product. And I also mainly used it as an antiseptic. It is believed that the Greeks are indebted to Aristotle for using propolis in everyday life - for varnishing furniture, sealing dishes when storing food and other similar operations. At one time, this explorer studied the life of bees, and even built a transparent hive, but in this way he could only find out one thing - insects very quickly cover the inner surfaces of the walls with a dark substance.

Ancient Iran

The outstanding philosopher and physician Abu Ali ibn Sina, who is better known in Europe under the name of Avicenna, was also interested in bee glue in his research. In one of his works, “The Canon of Medical Science,” the dirt of hives (dirty wax) is mentioned. Judging by the description, we are talking specifically about propolis, and if we take into account the words “cleans a little and softens a lot,” then we can roughly imagine the main use of propolis according to Avicenna - the treatment of wounds and burns, as well as the removal of calluses.

Medieval Georgia

Judging by the fact that almost every Georgian medical book of the 10th-12th centuries mentions the use of propolis, this substance was well known in the Caucasus, both among professional doctors and among ordinary people. It was added to products for the prevention and treatment of teeth, wax-propolis cakes were placed on the chest of those with a cold, and toys and tools were wiped with a clean cloth, again, calluses were removed with its help and certain containers were sealed.

Europe

Everything that was said above (except mummification) will also apply to Europe. But I would like to highlight one of the options - it is not officially confirmed, but there are versions that Antonio Stradivari used propolis when creating his unique varnishes, and that this is one of the components that helped him surpass his teacher Nicolo Amati.

Whether it was true or not is difficult, if not impossible, to prove. But, in fact, every nation at all times has found a use for propolis, and for the most part the methods of use are similar. This is not surprising, because in its general composition this substance, for example from the Eurasian continent, will be very close to bee glue collected in Africa, America or Australia. Well, for the Slavs, whose even many surnames bear the imprint of a connection with beekeeping (Pasechnik, Bortnik, and so on), it would be completely embarrassing not to know about propolis, its properties and... composition.

What does propolis consist of?

However, there is no shame in not knowing the chemical composition of propolis, especially considering that even modern chemical laboratories do not allow one to obtain a thorough picture. There is nothing surprising here - propolis as a whole is not a single substance and simply cannot have a standardized chemical formula.

The organic substances in it are 16 classes at once, divided into 4 groups. About two hundred possible compounds are known, while in just one sample there can be up to one hundred and fifty. It is this multiplicity, among other things, that is the basis for such unique properties of propolis. But more on this a little later, but for now let’s try to derive the “arithmetic mean.”

Approximately half of the sample mass is resinous components. These include aromatic acids, their esters and flavonoids (the latter being represented by five different connections, which in itself is quite unique). A third of the composition is already fatty acids, alcohols and their esters. 10 percent of the “average” bee glue consists of essential and aromatic oils.

5% are various substances, among which the most common are minerals, vitamins (mostly B vitamins), various sugars, steroids, as well as lactones, ketones and quinones. No less than 5 percent (up to 10-12%) of any propolis sample will consist of proteins and amino acids. A number of amino acids are simply irreplaceable for humans, and the opportunity to obtain them in a fairly simple form is also unique.

If we talk about microelements contained in a product, it is much easier to list those that are missing from those that a person needs. Potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, silicon and many others, in general, almost the entire periodic table, are present here. And propolis is one of the potentially largest suppliers of calcium to the human body - anyone who watches advertising knows the benefits of this mineral for homo sapiens.

If we remember the time of the discovery of propolis, it will be all the more surprising that scientists continue to find previously unknown components in it. More recently, it was possible to isolate from the base sample such substances as caffeic acid ester and pinocembrin - powerful antifungal agents. In terms of effectiveness, these compounds have no analogues among other antifungal drugs of natural origin.

All this together in different combinations gives propolis a number of qualities and properties, both characteristic of other beekeeping products, as well as other substances, and completely different from them. Let's try to highlight the main ones.

Properties of propolis

Physical

Initially, soft propolis is quite difficult to select from the hive, but due to the property of changing its structure with changing temperatures, experienced beekeepers do not have problems with collection. Knowing that when the temperature drops below +15, propolis begins to harden and crumbles easily, they simply wait for the right weather conditions and scrape off (with a special grater or a suitable scraper) the bee glue from the walls of the hive and the frames of the honeycombs.

The higher the temperature, the more plastic the propolis is, and when the threshold of 80-105 degrees is reached, it can even turn into a semi-liquid state. At the same time, one of the main unique features of this product, as an organic substance, is its high resistance to high temperatures. Even if you boil “black wax” for an hour, it will still retain most of its qualities. Thus, its use makes it possible to combine heating, which is problematic for other substances, while maintaining the quality required in a particular situation.

At the same time, its own chemical resistance does not become a hindrance in cases where, due to the nature of its application, propolis needs to be dissolved. Propolis dissolves easily in gasoline, methyl and ethyl alcohol. It is a little more difficult, but still quite effective, to dissolve propolis in acetic acid and ammonia. If necessary, and with proper pre-treatment, it can be dissolved in both water and oil (vegetable and animal).

Medicinal and pharmacological properties of propolis

Again, all the properties of propolis can hardly be called thoroughly studied, but the wide range of effects on various microorganisms is undoubted. At the same time, it is worth remembering the high content of sensitizers (esters of caffeine acids) that can cause contact dermatitis. In addition, many compounds are allergens.

There is ample evidence that bee glue can be used as an anesthetic. But at the same time, there are many cases when propolis did not have any analgesic effect when used. And this despite the fact that it has been scientifically proven that the analgesic power of propolis (0-25% alcohol solution) exceeds novocaine by 5 times! Perhaps the reason lies precisely in the multiplicity and variability of the composition.

Undoubted are the antibacterial properties, as well as the ability to slow down and even stop inflammatory processes. Although in the latter case, individual perception, the degree of development of the inflammatory process, the correct dosage and use will be of great importance. Our next chapter will cover how, when and in what form propolis can be used...

Possible uses of propolis

If we forget about the ancient options - disinfection of objects (tools), sealing containers, varnishing wooden surfaces and so on, then in modern life propolis is most often used in traditional and folk medicine. It is easy to judge how wide the range of applications of bee glue can be from the large number of dosage forms.

Whole propolis

This form does not require any special preparations. The main thing here is that the product is natural (low-quality fakes are, unfortunately, very common), free from unnecessary impurities. It is usually used heated (softened) or ground into powder and moistened with water.

Applications made from whole propolis are used to treat wounds, burns, and frostbite. In small quantities it can be applied to the gums for diseases and problems of the oral cavity. Unrefined propolis with a high wax content is used in the treatment of sinusitis and bronchitis, applying heated cakes to problem areas. Warts, calluses, corns and keratinization are removed by tying small cakes of bee glue to them (the greatest effectiveness is achieved by first softening the target and covering the bandage with an impermeable film).

Made from crushed, wax-free propolis. The prepared propolis is poured with alcohol for 12 hours, after which it is mixed with melted petroleum jelly (it is possible to use petroleum jelly and lanolin mixed in half). The mixture is boiled at 70-80 degrees for ten minutes and filtered.

Propolis ointment is used for external use, in many of the same cases as the whole product. But this form is more convenient for storage and use, especially when it comes to places where applying (holding) a bandage is problematic. In addition, the ointment is absorbed by the skin much faster, and the beneficial substances reach their destination in a larger volume. An example of a more convenient use of an ointment is the treatment of hemorrhoids, boils in the groin and axillary area, and so on. Propolis ointment is also used in the treatment of skin diseases - dermatitis and eczema.

Oil

It is made in the same way as the ointment, but butter is used instead of Vaseline. Moreover, the concentration of propolis here is much lower - 1:6, 1:8 or 1:10, since this form is taken orally.

Its main purpose is to treat damage to the gastric mucosa (gastritis), and to some extent helps with problems of other organs of the digestive tract.

Alcohol tincture of propolis

20 grams of propolis are poured into 80 ml. 96% alcohol and leave for a week in a sealed container, shaking occasionally. After a week, the tincture needs to be filtered through paper, and it is ready for use. Can be taken orally (drops) or used to prepare compresses (diluted with water).

As an option, it is possible to prepare alcohol with a higher concentration - 3:10. The cooking principle is the same.

In their pure form, such forms are practically not used, but propolis alcohol tincture diluted with distilled water is one of the most effective folk remedies in the treatment of otitis media. Heavily diluted tinctures can be used for washing mucous membranes, wounds, and rinsing the mouth.

Propolis decoction

It is prepared at the rate of 1 part propolis to 10 parts water. Propolis is crushed, poured into a bowl and filled with the required amount of water, then placed in a water bath. Shaking the vessel frequently, boil for at least an hour. Prepare immediately before use, since when stored in this form, propolis loses its qualities.

This form is most often used to treat burns and eye injuries. A small concentration and the absence of aggressive components will guarantee that the mucous membrane and cornea will not be irritated, and propolis itself will speed up healing. The decoction is also used as a mouth rinse for diseases of the oral cavity, in particular gums and teeth, as well as for the treatment of ear inflammation. In the latter case, as an option, water can be replaced with vegetable oil.

Milk

Fresh milk is brought to 70-80 degrees and crushed propolis is poured into it (50-100 grams per 1 liter). With constant stirring (it is advisable to use a wooden spoon), keep the milk at this temperature for 10 minutes. Cool, remove the formed wax layer and filter.

The resulting milk, although it has an unpleasant brown color and a bitter taste, helps with many health problems. In particular, for problems with the stomach, digestive and intestinal tract.

Inhalations

Both steam - with the melting of propolis in water - and combustion of the product are possible.

Usually used for chronic bronchitis, laryngitis, and pneumonia. According to unconfirmed data (anecdotal evidence), using propolis inhalation can slow down and even stop the course of tuberculosis and silicosis.

Please note that all of the above options for using bee glue relate more to traditional medicine, and are not exact recipes or guidelines for treatment!

In general, official medicine treats propolis quite carefully. Recognizing the antibacterial properties of this product, propolis is used as a component of many ointments. There are also special medicated toothpastes and shampoos that contain propolis. At the same time, the chemical multiplicity prevents it from being used more widely, and it must be admitted with good reason - in addition to many useful components, there are also substances that are not necessary for humans, and sometimes even dangerous. Doctors from science want more advanced devices that could effectively separate propolis into components, weeding out everything unnecessary and selecting only useful components.

One cannot help but recall apitherapy - treatment using bee stings and bee products. Its effectiveness has also been questioned by many traditional doctors for a long time. But the effectiveness of apitherapy, at least in the treatment of gout and rheumatism, is already a scientifically proven fact. And propolis is far from the last element among the components of this type of treatment.

By and large, propolis is a natural antibiotic, and therefore its use is appropriate. And finishing the conversation about the options for using propolis, it is worth noting one more point. Perhaps, in terms of speed of action, labor intensity and cost of production, bee glue is inferior to synthetic drugs, but its use eliminates the addictive factor!

A synthetic antibiotic has a stable formula and is therefore unchanged. Bacteria easily adapt to such drugs, so with long-term use of a synthetic antibiotic, the degree of its effect on pathogenic microorganisms decreases. And everything would be fine if the antibiotic was taken directly, but the modern food industry supplies the human body with a very large amount of synthetics. For example, in the form of residual amounts of antibiotics contained in fish, animal and poultry meat, as well as other products grown in large farms, where antibiotics are used both in growing and in processing products. So it turns out that the human body gets used to certain synthetic products even when it seems to not accept them!

In the case of propolis, the same multiplicity of composition is an insurmountable barrier for microorganisms on the path to addiction. Therefore, the effectiveness of the product in a month or even a year will be as high as it was today or a couple of years ago. But this does not mean that everyone needs to immediately stop taking any synthetic antibiotics and switch exclusively to propolis and its derivatives in treatment.

Firstly, there are plenty of diseases against which known natural medicines, including propolis, are at a minimum, and at a maximum can lead to complications. Secondly, the high activity of propolis components and the personal qualities of the body simply do not allow the use of this product in treatment. And even if the prescription of the medicine before you was “approved” by many generations of your (and even more so, neighbor’s or friend’s) ancestors, it is not a fact that it is not contraindicated for you.

So, consulting a doctor before starting to use propolis in treatment is mandatory!

And only a doctor can authorize treatment, determine its method, and prescribe a dosage and duration. And this is where our story about propolis can end, because all that remains is to list the options in which its use is prohibited or undesirable.

Contraindications

Approximately 3-4% of people are initially allergic to bee products. In the same number, it can develop with long-term use, due to large single doses or mixing incompatible products. Propolis is not toxic, but can cause serious allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock and suffocation. So for obvious allergy sufferers it is strictly prohibited, and people with a predisposition to allergies and (or) high susceptibility should be careful.

The effects of bee glue on the liver, bile ducts, pancreas and kidneys are still poorly understood. Therefore, for diseases of the listed organs, doctors try not to prescribe propolis and the drugs that contain it. You yourself should also remember this fact, and promptly warn doctors about such problems.

If any neoplasms appear, neither they nor any other disease can be treated with propolis until consultation with a doctor and a detailed analysis. Although propolis is used in the treatment of cancer, when trying to influence an unknown tumor, its growth may be activated.

If you have no contraindications to the use of propolis and containing drugs, and the doctor has prescribed treatment, then you only have two mandatory actions:

1. Buy quality propolis

2. Get well